sissnEr;:     .  .  :,  ,  ..  itsssv^si^ 


''s' — 

»     «U    vX       «l|i       «>,       •    ,  1\,       il,     ,1'y,      <i, 


<7 

University  of  California  •  Berkeley 


PANORAMA    OF    DENVER,    COLORADO 
ELEVATION    -6187    FEET. 


STATF    CAPITOL  BUILDING,    DENVER 


GATEWAY    TO  THF-    GARDEN  OF  7H  E  GODS'  X  PIKE'S    PEAK,  D.  i    R.G.R.R. 


PIKES    PEAK  AVENUE,  COLORADO   SPRINGS. 


MEXICAN  SETTLEMENT     AT  PUEBLO. 


A  CATTLE  RANCH  ON  THE  CIMARRON,    D.  J  R.  G.R.R. 


CIMARRON    CANON.    D.&R.  G.R.R. 


•CHO    CLIFFS.  CANON   OF  THE  GPtND    RIVER    D.i  R.S.  R  F, 


M4RRHAII.   fi.R.S.    0.*    R.  <?.    R.  R     el  FVATION    10500    FT.  .SANSRE    DF    CRISTO    RANGt 


WESTERN    INDIANS. 


VETA     PASS    AND     DUMP    MOUNTAIN,    D.  «  R.   G    R.  R. 


LAKE   PARK   BATHING  RESORT  ON  GREAT  SALT  LAKE. 
BETWEEN   OGDEN  AND  SAITLAKE  CITf.ON  LINE    OF   D.  «  R.  G.  W.  R.R. 


GARDO    HOUSE,    RCS.OF  THE  PP.ES.  OF  THE  MORMON   CHURCH. 


<_;REEN  RIVER  &    SUITES,  UTAH. 


BRIOSE    ACROSS    SNAKE    RIVER,   IDAHO. 


GREAT     SHOSHONE    FALLS,    SNAKE    RIVER,  IDAHO,    26O    FEET    STRAISHT  FALL. 


GARDINER   RIVER   HOT  SPRINGS,  IDAHO. 


w 
i- 


< 

J— 

tn 


z 
O 


VIEWS  IN  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PAR  K. 


FISH    POT. 


YELLOWSTONE   LA  K  E  . 


CANON      AND      GREAT      FALLS     OF     THE     YELLOWSTONE. 

THE     QUEENS     LAUNDRY. 


CAMPING     IN    THE    ROCKIES. 


THE  GIANTESS  . 


THE    GIANT. 


THE    THREE    TETONS.YELLOWSTONE   NATIONS 


MOUNT    HOOD     FROM    THE   HEAD  OF  THE   DALLES     COLUMBIA   RIVER 


MT    BAKER.  WASHINGTON. 


MT    RAINIER,  NEAR  TACOMA  &  SEATTLE. 


FORT   POINT   *    GOLDEN    GATE. 


,*, 


CLIFF    HOUSE     &    SEAL     ROCKS,    GOLDEN     GATE,  CAL. 


PALACE  HOTEL,  SAN    FRANCISCO,   CAL. 


STATE    CAPITOL    AT    SACRAMENTO.    CAL. 


SANTA     BARBARA,  CAL.,    FROM  THE    MESA. 


BIRDSEYE     VIEW    OF  OAKLAND,   CAL. 


CHINESE     BUTCHER    &    GROCERY  SHOP. 


CHINESE  FAMILY  AT  THE    PARK. 


GRAND    DINING    ROOM    OF  A  CHINESE  RESTAURANT. 


RAYMOND  HOTEL 
SOUTH    PASADENA.CALIF. 


FLORAL  SCENE   AT   PRIVATE  RESIDENCE. 
LOS     ANG&LE^-    CAL 


S,ANT    CACTUS.  CAL|FQRN1A    PLANTS.  CAUFORNiA   CACTUS. 


CENTURY    PLANT    IN    °">°&liroRN|A  VE6ETAT|ON. 


CALIFORNIA  VEGETATION. 


BIROSEYE    VIEW    or   SAN      BER  MAR  DINO  <,„,. 


MAGNOLIA    AVENUE,  RIVERSIDE,  CAL. 


PASADENA      GARDEN.    IN     VMNTER. 


COWBOYS    ON   THE   WESTERN    PI 


INTERIOR  OF    A    MEXICAN    HOME." 


MEXICAN    RAG   &    WAX   WORKS    REPRESENTING  TYPICAL   SCENES. 


MEXICAN   WATER    CARRIERS. 


S.P.R.R.  BRIDGE,  OVER  THE    RIO   GRANDE,  Ar  BOUNDARY  LINE  BETWEEN  TEXAS,  OLD   i  NEW   MEXICO. 


BULL    FIGHT,    CIUDAD  JUAREZ. 


CHURCH   OF  GUADALUPE 
CIUDAD  JUAREZ. 


STREET    SCENE,   CIUDAD  JUAREZ.  (MEXICAN    WOOD    MERCHANTS.) 


THE   RIO   GRANDE   NEAR    PAINTED   CAVE,  SO.  PAC.  R.R. 


MOUTH  OF  THE  PECOS     RIVER.  SO.  PAC.  R.  R. 


THE    RIO   GRANDE   CANON,  SO.  PAC.  R.R. 


THE  RIO  GRANDE  CANON.  SO.  PAC. 


I'.AU'I.  Kl'i     i     i.lG.1 


DESCRIPTIVE     SKETCHES 

lOIF1 


G  R  E  A 


S  T 


PUBLISHED  AND  COPYRIGHTED  1892  BY  WARD  BROTHERS,  COLUMBUS,  OHIO. 

0 

In  presenting  to  the  public  these  views  and  descriptive  sketches  of  THE  GREAT  WEST  we  wish  simply  to  ^tate  that 
they  represent  the  combined  results  of  observations  and  experiences  gleaned  during  the  progress  of  five  personal  trips  to  the 
coast,  made -by  ourselves,  with  this  object  in  view. 


Denver,  the  Queen  City  of  the  Plains,  dates  Its  origin  from  1858,  when  Gen.  Larimer 
built  his  log  house  on  the  banks  of  Cherry  Creek  near  its  junction  with  the  Platte 
river  and  started  the  settlem«nt  which  he  called  St.  Charles;  the  name  being  changed 
In  1860  to  Denver,  in  honor  of  Gen.  Oeo.  W.  Denver,  then  governor  of  Kansas. 

No  more  beautiful  or  heathful  location  could  have  been  chosen  on  which  to  build 
a  city,  lying  as  it  does  in  the  slight  depression  through  which  the  Platte  river  flows 
and  at  the  first  rise  of  the  foot  hillsof  the  grandest  mountain  range  on  thecoutinent, 
yet  at  an  elevation  of  5197  feet  above  sea  level,  being  nearly  equal  to  that  of  the  top  of 
Mt.  Washington. 

From  every  part  of  Denver  some  view  of  the  grand  snow-capped  Rockies  Is  obtain- 
able ;  In  the  business  portion,  the  mountains  seem  to  block  and  close  llie  ends  of  the  streets. 
From  "Capitol  Hill,"  Denver's  most  aristocratic  section  (from  which  our  picture  is 
shown,)  the  view  is  glorious,  the  range  stretching  north  and  south  as  far  as  the  eye  can 
reach. 

In  winter  Denver  people  have  most  of  their  snow  on  the  mountains  and  a  great 
deal  of  it  stays  there  to  make  the  summer  days  cool.  The  charm  of  Denver  is  found  in 
its  residence  streets,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  Grant,  Sherman,  I'olfax,  Logan 
and  many  others  tliat  are  well  shaded  and  lined  with  costly  and  beautiful  residences 
Ol  the  latest  and  improved  style  of  architecture 

The  state  Capitol,  that  elegant  granite  structure  shown  among  our  illusirations  is 
now  in  orocess  of  erection  and  will  soon  be  completed.  From  it  the  surrounding  sec- 
tion gets  its  name  '•  Capitol  Hill."  The  building  is  to  cost  $1,000,000,  the  expenditure  of 
this  sum  being  in  the  hands  of  a  board  of  commissioners.  The  dimensions  of  the 
Capitol  building  are  :  length,  384  feet ;  width,  314  feet,  and  it  will  have  160  rooms. 

The  "Q,ueen  City"  is  justly  proud  of  her  educational  institutions  and  methods. 
Ne-.v  school  buildings  have  arisen  as  if  by  magic  and  when  one'  compares  those  lofty 
modern  structures  with  the  original  log  school  ;house  which  but  a  few  years  since  was 
Denver's  center  of  learning,  he  realizes  more  fully  how  strong  have  been  her  strides  of 
pro-Teas  and  how  great  a  factor  of  civilization  is  the  PUBLIC  school. 


Colorado  has  the  finest  climate  tn  the  world,  so  conceded  by  the  most  eminent  med- 
ical men  of  tiie  present  day.  It  hat  more  sunshine,  and  a  more  even  temperature  than 
any  other  region,  and  is  therefore  the  Mecca  of  all  unfortunates  who  from  over  work, 
or  other  unfortunate  causes  are  racked  by  disease.  Especially  beneficial  is  the  climate 
to  those  who  sirs  suffering  from  lung  trouble. 

Colorado  is  also  known,  the  world  over,  as  one  of  the  greatest  gold  and  silver  pro- 
ducing states  in  the  Union,  and  the  mines  are  yearly  increasing  in  value.  There  are 
also  vast  coal  and  iron  fields,  copper,  lead,  zinc,  ai.d  other  metals  also  abound. 

Petroleum  exists  in  huge  quantities  in  the  State.  The  system  of  irrigation  has 
done  wonders  for  the  farming  industries  of  the  State.  Land  that  was  once  barren  and 
unproductive  being  wonderfully  fertile  where  water  has  been  gotten  over  the  high 
lauds.  Many  small  streams  are  being  led  into  reservoirs  where  water  can  be  held  and 

in  the  growing  of  wheat,  barley,  oats  and  rye.  the  coil  and  climate  are  so  well 
adapted  to  them  that  the  grain  is  much  heavier,  better  feed,  and  more  prolific  than  In 
many  countries.  Apples,  pears,  peaches,  and  small  fruits,  of  all  kinds,  are  rapidly 
coming  to  be  a  grand  success. 

The  cattle  and  sheep  industries  are  very  extensive  and  are  steadily  growing. 

The  view  here  shown  of  the  Gateway  to  the  Garden  of  the  Gods,  Is  taken  from  out- 
side the  garden,  looking  In  and  towards  Pikes  Peak,  which  looms  up  in  the  back- 
ground 14,147  feet  above  sea  level  and  covered  with  snow. 

Two  lofty  tablets  of  colored  sand-stone,  directly  opposite  each  other,  and  about  fifty 
feet  aoart  rising  to  a  height  of  over  three  hundred  feet,  form  the  portals  of  the  far- 
famed  Gateway.  From  the  level  ground  these  present  a  strangely  impressive 

Spe<NoCsand-stones  of  the  East  glow  with  such  a  oarnellan  hue.  The  striking  contrail 
formed  by  these  crimson  colored  rocks,  outlined  against  the  deep  blue  »ky  and  touched 
bv  the  white  light  of  the  unclouded  Colorado  sun.  must  be  seen  to  be  appreciated,  U 
cannot  be  described  by  the  peii  or  protrayed  with  the  brush  of  th«  artist. 


Pikes  Peak  Avenue,  Colorado  Springs,  is  one  of  the  most  picturesque  street  scenes 
to  be  found  anywhere  in  this  "  land  of  the  free  and  the  home  of  the  brave." 

Running  east  and  west  through  the  center  of  Colorado  Springs,  it  takes  its  name 
from  the  grand  mountain  peak  that  seems  to  s.op  its  very  course.  The  foot  of  the 
Peak,  however,  is  more  than  six  miles  distant,  reached  by  a  beautiful  drive-way 
thr-iugh  the  town  of  Colorado  Springs  and  Manitou,  the  latter  being  so  environed  by 
hills  that  no  glimpses  of  it,  even,  are  caught  ns  we  go  past  on  the  train. 

Colorado  Springs,  summer  and  winter,  is  an  incomparable  resort  and  residence 
city.  The  sun  shines  upon  it  over  three  hundred  and  forty  days  in  the  year  aud  the 
mouths  of  December  and  January,  cold  and  disagreeable  in  other  States,  are  here 
bright  and  bracing.  Colorado  Springs  is  an  Matt  upon  the  plains,  green  with  well  kept' 
lawns  and  enornious  shade  trees. 

The  large  stone  building  seen  at  the  fnd  of  I'ikPS  Peak  Avenue  is  "The  Antler's  " 
hotel,  the  admiration  of  visitors  from  Mil  parts  of  the  world. 


miles  ( 

drain  the'table  lauds  above.  Th'e  Swinging  Bridge  is  at  the  narrowest  point  of  the 
canon  and  where  the  sheer  wall  of  rock  on  either  side  loom  straight  up  nearly  2,000  feet 
toward  the  sky.»  This  bridge  runs  lengthways  with  the  stream  and  above  it ;  oue  side 
of  it  is  supported  by  girders  fastened  Into  the  cliff  and  the  other  by  iron  rods  from 
trusses  braced  against  each  side  of  the  narrow  gorge.  The  road  here  for  some  miles 
twists  aud  turns  with  this  littte  torrent  stream  as  if  playing  ''hide  aud-seek  "  wilh  the 
deep  shadows  from  the  ever-gloomy  and  yet  grand  and  dizzy  giant  heights.  It  is 
surely  a  Royal  Gorga  and  a  right  royal  treat  it  is  to  see  it.  n 


The  Mexican  settlement  at  Pueblo,  here  shown,  which  can  be  seen  from  all  rail 
road  trains  as  the  tourist  arrives  from  the  East,  compares  with  the  b<  autif  ul  and  thrifty 
homes  of  the  white  citizen  like  the  Cork  suburb  of  New  York  City  does  to  Fifth  ave- 
nue. Pueblo  Is  situated  a  little  southeast  of  the  center  of  Colorado,  on  the  Arkansas 


Ascending  Pikes  Peak  by  railway  many  opportunities -<ire  given  for  fine  views  of 
the  world  below.  The  road  starts  near  the  Iron  Spring  in  Kugleman's  Canon  and  fol- 
lows this  gulch  to  the  head  waters  of  I  :uxton's  Creek,  a  typical  mountain  brook.  In 
its  course  it  forms  two  pretty  falls,one  of  which,  the  Minnehaha.  is  shown  here. 

After  getting  above  timber  line  the  road  stretches  almost  straight  up  what  appears 

_ —  to  be  an  Inaccessible  wall  of  granite.  But  nothing  can  stop  the  progress  of  this  mar- 
river,  in  sight  of  the  snow  clad  Rocky  Mountains,  but  in  the  midst  of  an  arid  plain.  ,  railway.  The  srade  here  Isone  of  twenty-five  percent  and  timid  passengers  will 
The  business  of  this  little  city  of  25,(XW  people  is  principally  smelting  of  the  precious  ^ot  escape  a  thrill  of  fear  as  they  gaze  about  theinTalth  , ugh  there  is  absolutely  no 

danger,  as  the  three  whei'lson  each  side  of  the  engine  which  revolve  on  the  axles  and 
act  as  guides,  merely  sustain  the  weight,  while  three  driving-cog-wheels  interlock  with 
the  cog-rails  which  are  in  the  center  of  the  track  and  thus  the  track  really  becomes  a 
part  of  the  engine  The  weight  of  the  engine  is  thirty-two  tons  and  pushes  the  cars  up 
the  mountain  and  is  In  front  of  them  when  coming  down.  The  descent  could  be  made 
in  perfect  safety  without  an  englue  as  each  car  is  fitted  with  an  Independent  cog- 
brake.  5 1 


metals,  of  which  the  Rockies  are  so  famed,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  such  iron  and 
mechanical  appliances  as  are  required  for  use  in  the  neighboring  mines. 

Irrigation  lias  redeemed  thousands  of  acresof  the  surrounding  desert,  transforming 
the  waste  lands  into  fruitful  fields.  There  are  but  few  Mexicans  in  Colorado;  their 
needs,  like  those  of  the  American  Indian,  are  few,  and  their  comforts  scarce,  cones- 
ponding  with  their  Ignorance  and  dislike  for  labor.  A  Mexican  of  culture  and  wealth 
is  a  rare  citizen  in  the  United  States.  The  race  does  not  seem  to  mix  very  successfully 
with  those  of  Kuropean  descent. 


The  view  from  the  top  of  Pikes  Peak,  once  seen,  can  never  be  forgotten.  The  sensa- 
tion at  first  is  that  of  complete  isolation  The  silence  is  oppressive.  We  are  above  the 
clouds,  which  noiselesily  break  in  foaming  billows  against  the  rocks  below.  Occasion- 
ally the  deep  roll  of  thunder  from  the  depths  breaks  the  silence  beneath.  Astoim 
arises,  we  are  enveloped  in  mist,  a  rush  of  wind,  a  rattle  of  hail  and  we  seek  refuge  iu 
the  hotel. 

The  storm  being  over  in  a  few  minutes,  you  can  see  the  sunbeams  gilding  the  white 
clouds  that  swing  below  you  half  way  down  the  mountain  and  completely  hiding  from 
view  the  world  beneath.  The  clouds  part  like  drawn  curtains  and  as  from  auoihi-r 
world  we  look  down  upon  the  grandeur  of  the  entangled  mountain  peaks  and  the 
plains.  The  cities  of  Colorado  Springs  and  Manitou,  far  below,  are  reduced  in  appear- 
ance to  the  size  of  single  blocks,  aud  water  courses  are  simply  threads  of  silver,  curved 
upon  the  mantle  of  thn  endless  plains.  Only  those  who  have  seeu  it  cau  realize  the 
m-a, iik-iu-  and  magnificence  of  this  wonderful  outlook. 


•  Mount  of  the  Holy  Cross.— Silent,  grand  and  beautiful  among  the  snow-clad  peaks 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado  on  the  Leadville  Branch  of  the  1>.  <fc  R.  G.  K.  P... 
stands  the  Mount  of  the  Holy  Cross.  As  the  train  winds  around  among  l\\3  wild 
mountain  passes,  creeping  westward  and  upward  towards  the  point  of  highest  railroad 
altitude  in  the  world,  11.000  feet  above  sea  level,  and  as  we  reach  the  crist  of  Fremont 
Puss,  we  see  the  "Snow-White  Cross,"  sublime  in  its  purity,  beautiful  in  its  entirety  and 
grand  in  its  immensity.  Here  for  ages  past  two  great  canons,  crossing  each  other  uei:r 
the  top  of  the  mountain,  have  been  filled  with  snow  and  ice,  forming  the  most  enchant- 
ing picture  in  the  world,  of  the  Cross,  the  emblem  of  the  Christian  Faith.  Tennessee 
Pass  also  aftords  a  fine  view  of  this  wonderful  sight.  Not  far  from  the  e  lonely  oeaks 
are  found  the  richest  silver  mining  camps  iu  the  world.  The  top  of  the  mountain 
Is  1 1,174  feet  above  sea  level.  M 


The  high  bridge  in  the  Loop  near  Georgetown,  Colorado,  forms  a  wonderful  part 
of  the  iutricatu  piece  of  engineering  accomplished  by  those  who  undertook  to  build  a 
railroad  up  an  incline  of  seven  hundred  feet  within  a  distance  of  less  than  one  and 
one-half  miles.  The  bridge  spans  Clear  Creek  C'anon,  over  a  hundred  feet  above  the 
rushing  waters  and  ninety  feet  above  a  part  of  the  track  that  we  traversed  but  a  few 
minutes  ago.  From  this  bridge,  which  is  built  with  a  very  sharp  curve,  we  have  a 
most  magnificent  view  up  the  canon  of  the  world  famous  Loop  which  we  are  follow- 
ing and  also  of  Grays  Peak,  one  of  the  highest  in  Colorado  the  ascent  of  which  is  usu- 
ally made  from  the  town  of  Graymont.  about  three  miles  further  up  the  canon  at 
which  the  railroad  stops.  Hundreds  of  feet  below  is  Georgetown,  a  city  of  about 
4,00(1  people,  an  active,  husy  place,  where  the  rumbling  of  mills  and  the  b'asiingo! 
mines  disturb  the  quiet  of  a  land  that  scarcely  twenty  years  ago  was  known  only  in 
geography  and  the  Indian. 


Royal  Gorge.  —  Gliding  westward  from  Pueblo,  Colorado,  on  the  Scenic  Line  of 
America,  the  D.  &  K.  G.  R.  It.,  after  passing  the  little  mining  town  Caui.n  C  ity,  we 
plunge  at  once  into  the  "Heart  of  the  Rockies."  As  we  slowly  climb  up  the  grades  along 
the  Arkansas  River,  suddenly  a  massive  wall  of  rock  confronts  us  nearly  2,000  feet 
high.  While  we  wonder,  whither  next,  our  train  takes  a  turn  with  the  winding  river 
and  we  soon  have  rocks  to  tne  right  of  us,  rocks  to  the  left  of  us,  rocks  In  front  of  us, 
rocks  behind  us,  and  so  high,  one  must  almost  lie  down  to  see  the  top.  Stars  can  be 
seeu  in  mid-day  and  the  eagles  whose  homes  are  on  these  heights,  seem  almost  lost  In 
tne  distant  sky.  Words  are  utterly  inadequate  to  describe  the  sensations  experienced 
on  the  occasion  of  the  first  plunge  into  the  bowels  of  the  earth,  into  the  "  Royal  Gorge" 
of  theGraud  Canon  of  the  Arkansas.  The  road  Is  literally  cut  into  tue  Fides  of  Hie]  er- 
pendicularcliirs,  whose  dizzy  distances  can  only  be  realized  by  a  trip  between  them. 
The  Cauou  seems  to  be  simply  a  crack  in  the  uuiverse  of  immensity.  5.4 


A  cattle  ranch  (rancho,)  on  the  Cimarron,  or  at  any  other  of  Cqlorados  far  famed 
mountain  valleys  may  represent  a  square  mile  of  grazing  land  or  it  may  be  a  ceu 
for  toe  rounding  np  of  cattle  which  roam  at  will  over  the  trackless  but  picturesque 
table  lands.  A  round  up,  as  seen  In  our  picture,  happens  every  nigut  on  small  ranches, 
but  generally  on  large  ones  but  twice  a  year  At  the  semiannual  gathering  in  of  tlie 
cattle  of  a  large  section  of  country,  all  cattle  owners  combine  their  employees  and  sur- 
round the  territory  where  the  cattle  are  supposed  to  be  and  close  in  on  them  until 
they  all  come  together  at  some  such  point  as  we  here  illustrate,  where  the  cattle  are 
branded  by  means  of  a  red  hot  iron,  each  owner's  brand  being  different  These  brands 
or  marks  are  registered  at  the  various  county  seats,  and  woe  betide  the  man  who  per- 
mits himself  to  sell  any  cattle,  sheepor  horses  that  are  branded  with  some  other  than 
his  own  registered  mark.  Such  cattle  as  are  large  enough  to  ship  are  held  and  then  the 
others  after  being  branded  are  let  loose. 

Those  fond  of  hunting  can  here  find  large  game  of  many  kinds  and  it  is  often  well 
to  be  prepared  In  case  the  game  should  find  the  hunter  when  he  is  asleep.  The  buffalo 
herds,  however,  have  either  been  killed  off  or  driven  elsewhere.  M 


Marsh-ill  Pass,  Denver  and  Rio  Grande  Rail  Road,  Is  the  highest  point  on  this  far- 
famed  "  .Scenic  Route  of  America."  It  is  at  a  point  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  a  few 
miles  west  of  the  little  mining  town,  Salida,  Colorado,  and  Is,  geologically  speaking, 
the  "continental  divide,"  the  drainage  from  one  side  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
and  from  the  other  side  into  the  Gulf  of  California  and  the  Pacific  ocean.  At  one  point 
the  railroad  can  be  seen  at  five  different  levels,  the  farther  one  in  the  valley,  miles 
below,  being  only  visible  by  means  of  a  gloss  on  a  clear  day— often  a  cloud  will  prevent 
the  downward  view.  The  sharp  peaks  of  the  Sangre  de  Crlsto  Range  in  the  distance 
are  ever  glistening  In  the  snow,  and  to  an  uupractieed  eye  their  form  blends  so  mildly 
Into  the  sky  in  the  distance,  one  must  look  some  time  to  discern  where  the  mountain 
stops  and  sky  begins.  Often  these  peaks  can  be  seen  for  150  miles,  so  clear  Is  the  air  in 
the  healthy  climate  of  Colorado.  Tourists  crossing  the  rookies  should  take  winter 
wraps  for  use  in  these  high  altitudes.  A  maxim  grade  of  211  feet  to  the  mile  is  neces- 
sary, notwithstanding  the  continuous  interchanging  of  curves  on  the  route  to  reach 
this  great  altitude  of  10,852  feet  above  sea  level,  it  Is  here  that  the  tourist  first  realizes 
the  meaning  of  a  rail  road  snow  shed,  which  Is  so  necessary  to  prevent  the  tracks  from 
being  frequently  blocked.  The  train  in  the  picture  has  just  emerged  from  one  of  those 
snow  sheds  which  is  cut  off  from  view.  M 


Grand  River  Cauon.— As  water  seeks  Its  level  and  finds  it,  so  all  overland  railroads 
have  been  compelled  to  follow  the  streams  to  avoid  continually  going  up  and  down 
the  hills  and  valleys.  The  Denver  and  Bio  Grande  Bail  Boad  glides  westward  across 
the  borders  of  Colorado  and  Utah  for  about  fifty  miles  along  the  valley  of  the  Grand 
River.  This  mountain  canon  is  admirably  named  if  wilduess,  ruggedness  and  sublim- 
ity ,  with  a  clear,  cool  snow  fed  mountain  stream  in  its  center,  dashing  over  countless 
rocks  of  all  imaginable  hues,  Justifies  such  an  epithet.  One  must  visit  such  places  to 
appreciate  the  meaning  of  the  words  necessary  to  describe  them.  The  curves  are  so 
sharp  at  times  one  almost  seemg  to  be  turning  around  to  go  backwards  as  the  train 
glides  along  between  those  massive  walls  of  nature's  vastness,  sometimes  into  a  second 
tunnel  before  recovering  from  the  surprise  of  enteringa  former  one,  twisting  and  turn- 
ing ever  as  if  the  engine  were  playing  hide  and  seek  with  the  cars  in  the  rear.  At 
times  the  side  walls,  two  thousand  or  more  feet  high,  almost  shut  out  the  sky,  and  the 
sun  shines  scarcely  an  hour  in  the  twenty-four.  The  scene  Is.  kaleldeseopic  in  the 
extreme  as  the  train  rushes  swiftly  by  the  ever  changing  ruggedness  In  this  marvelous 
crack  In  the  surface  of  the  Universe—"  The  Grand  River  Canon."  M 


'•  Cimarron  Canon  "  (canyon)  Is  one  of  the  many  wild  and  yet  enchanting  ravines 
through  which  the  Denver  and  Rio  Grande  Kail  Road  is  compelled  to  pass  en  route 
through  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Western  Colorado.  The  grades  on  this  route  are  sel- 
i.om  less  than  175  feet  to  the  mile  ana  often  above  200  feet.  The  little  stream  is  first 
on  one  side  of  track  and  then  the  other  as  it  rushes  madly  along  on  its  way  to  the  Orun- 
nison,  then  the  Grand  and  last  the  Colorado  river.  Nothing  but  the  gold  and  suver  in 
the  hills  al 
road  throu 

become  one  o"f  theTafestTbelit'irnd  most  picturesque  railroads  in  America  Cimarron 
Canon  is  a  sort  of  cut  off  from  the  rail  road  route  westward  Instead  of  continuing  down 
the  Black  Canon  of  the  Gunnlson.  By  trav«rsing  this  route  a  rolling  table  land  is 
reached  in  four  or  five  miles,  whereas  to  continue  on  down  the  Black  Canon  would 
lead  to  Insurmountable  .falls  and  abysses  where  even  the  skillful  rail  road  entineers 
dare  not  attempt  to  build  a  track. 


"  The  famous  "  Loop,"  thnt  wonderful  piece  of  engineering  skill,  now  world 
rwnowned,  is  just  above  Georgetown.  Passing  above  West  Clear  Creek  the  road  runs 
under  the  great  High  Bridge  and  rises  until  you  have  left  the  city  hundreds  of  feet 
below  and  with  a  sudden  turn  it  is  again  seen,  this  time  the  train  rushing  toward  the 
city  and  still  climbing— again  a  turn  to  the  east  and  we  cross  the  High  Bridge  and  see 
ninety  feet  below,  the  track  we  just  passed,  again  crossing  to  the  west  side,  suddenly 
turning  to  the  east  until  the  "  Big  Fill,"  seventy-six  feet  high— too  sharp  a  curve  for  a 
bridge— has  given  another  circle  to  the  track,  then  with  a  turn  to  the  west,  around  the 
sloue  of  McClellan  mountain,  another  view  of  Georgetown  with  all  the  tracks  of  the 
Loop  In  view— then  another  valley  in  the  mountains  discloses  the  village  of  silver 
Plume  which  is  one  and  one-half  miles  from  Georgetown  but  700  feet  above  It  and  four 
and  one-half  miles  apart  by  rail  road.  »-i 

Of  all  the  famous  mountain  canons  of  the  Rockies,  the  Black  Canon  of  the  Gunni- 
son  River  seems  the  most  wonderful.  Nature  seems  here  to  have  surpassed  herself  in 
the  awful  silence  of  tue  dark  recesses  of  immense  loveliness  where  the  Gunnlson  River 
winds  and  leaps  and  tears  between  the  rocks  whose  sides  are  so  steep  and  heights  so 
lofty,  one  sees  sometimes  but  a  streak  of  light  above  at  noon  and  the  stars  beyond 
while  the  solid  and  almost  perpendicular  walls  lift  up  their  mountain  towers  so  high 
they  seem  to  pierce  the  sky.  The  picture  here  represents  the  train  on  the 
D.  &  R.  G.  R.  R,  just  coming  out  of  the  Canon.  There  Is  no  other  canon  of  the  Rockies 
that  presents  such  an  Interesting  variety  of  mountain  gorge  views.  On  the  top  of  the 
cliffs,  which  often  overhang,  are  many  peculiar  rocks  which  are  noted  for  their  strik- 
ing resemblance  to  men  and  things ;  among  these  are  the  far-famed  Currecanti  Needle, 
the  Giants  Club,  etc.  ».« 

The  Devil's  Slide  is  just  beyond  Weber  Canon,  Utah,  on  the  U.  P.  R.  R.,  and  Just  east 
of  that  famous  landmark  called  1,000  mile  tree.  It  Is  just  that  distance  west  of  Omaha. 

Nature's  curiosities  are  hare  outdone.  There  must  have  been  a  great  earthquake  in 
the  distant  ages  which  threw  up  these  monster  pieces  of  rock  upon  their  edges  leaving 
a  narrow  and  regular  Incline  between.  It  might  be  more  appropriately  named  the 
Indian's  toboggan  slide,  for  stray  specimens  of  A  merica's  noble  red  men  are  the  principal 
visible  inhabitants  of  the  solitude  of  those  wild  western  lands.  The  rail  road  company 
kindly  allows  the  Indians  to  ride  free  on  their  trains  so  long  as  they  occupy  only  the 
platforms  of  the  cars  and  assume  their  own  risks  of  danger.  The  Indians  are  very  fond 
of  traveling  and  they  ride  about  a  great  deal  visiting  neighboring  tribes.  As  a  rule  they 
are  civil,  harmless  and  docile,  They  are  provided  with  food  and  clothing  by  the  U.  8. 
Government  in  return  for  the  lands  they  have  been  deprived  of.  It  is  lucky  for  them 
that  their  wants  are  few,  for  the^goods  are  furnished  under  contract,  and  thereby  hangs 


This  point  In  Clear  Cro«k  Canon  Is  called  Hanging  Ilock.  The  Union  Pacific  Rail- 
road in  its  tortuous  winding  of  upward  climbing  towards  the  rich  mines  of  the  Koc  ;  ies, 
follows  Clear  Creek  for  some  sixty  miles,  crossiugand  recrossing  the  little  stream  so 
Of  ten  the  train  Is  sometimes  on  two  bridges  at  ouce.  The  Georgetown  branch  of  the 
U  P  R  R  18  one  of  the  wildest  railroad  routes  in  America  In  the  early  mining  oav 
many  were  the  teams  that  slowly  trailed  up  the  gulch  in  search  of  '  the  dnst,"  which 
figures  so  largely  in  the  world's  commerce.  The  grades  necessary  to  be  overcome  in 
climbing  to  the  head  of  the  canon  required  the  best  engineer!  ng  skill  and  a  tremendous 
cash  basis.  The  reward*  of  toil,  however,  In  this  instance,  were  rich  indeed,  for  ever 
•ince  the  completion  of  this  wonderful  rail  road  the  stream  of  rich  fruits  of  pre-  lous 
metal  has  continually  poured  down  into  Colorado's  capital  city  (Denver)  until  it  has 
become  one  of  the  most  thrifty  mining  centers  in  the  world.  »-* 

American  Indians  are  not  noted  for  their  beauty,  sagacity,  thrift,  industry,  culture 
or  accomplishments.  'J  hi-  paternal  oversight  and  providing  exercised  by  the  Unit<d 
Btatei  Government  for  them,  in  return  for  the  millions  of  acres  of  lauds  our  forefathers 
deprived  them  of,  has  bereft  them  of  much  of  their  storied  greatii'  ss,  bravery  aud 
endurance,  and  left  them  to-day,  to  a  great  extent,  a  down-trodden,  shiftless,  lazy  racu 
of  people,  whoso  greatest  happiness  is  in  a  full  stomach  aud  whose  greatest  pride  is  in 
gay  colored  clothing.  A  frequent  custom  among  the  women  is  to  keep  their  hair 
smooth  by  use  of  mud  for  hair  oil,  which  is  plastered  on  rather  than  combed  in.  The 
women  or  the  tribes  are  industrious,  by  compulsion  of  their  husbands,  whose  greatest 
misfortune  would  be  to  have  to  work.  Tfie  squaws  (women)  of  some  tribes  weave 
blankets  of  rare  beauty  and  durability  whicli  they  sell  to  tourists  who  pass  through  on 
ihe  rail  roads.  •  it  is  well,  however,  lo  leave  the  purchase  for  a  day  or  two  outride  the 
bouse  upon  the  ground  aud  then  scald  well  before  using.  Indians  when  educated 
become  useful  citizens.  In  their  wild  state  they  are  good  neighbors  unless  abused  or 
I'l  treated.  There  are  260,000  Indiar.s  in  the  United  States.  A  squaw  is  seldom  seen 
without  n  babv.  \v>*ieh  is  usually  carried  on  her  back  in  a  little  mund  bundle.  11.1 

«  Lake  Park  Bathing  Resort  is  sixteen  mi'es  from  Salt  Lake  City  upon  that  wonder- 
fnl  Inland  sea  of  the  same  name,  whose  waters  contain  20  per  cent  o/  clear  fcalt.  It  is 
one  of  nature's  wonders  th»t  the  salt  does  not  settle  to  the  bottom  aud  leave  the  water 
clear,  for  on  the  sides  of  this  Salt  Lake  are  many  places  where  the  thrifty  Jiormou 


, 

runs  the  water  into  pools  where  quick  evaporation  gives  him  the  needful  crystals  as 
pure  as  nature  can  produce  it.  Ills  great  sport  to  bathe  in  this  water  on  which  a  man 
floats  almost  like  a  cork,  it  being  impossible  to  drown  with  the  least  ordinary  care. 


There  la  much  beautiful  scenery  about  Salt  Lake,  but  the  speculative  Am-  rican  has 
not  yet  Invested  in  boats  for  pleasure  tours  around  It.  There  are  no  fish,  and  even 
birds  and  flowers  are  very  rare  in  its  immediate  vicinity.  The  lauds  however,  at  a 
little  distance,  if  fed  by  Irrigation  from  the  various  mountain  streams,  have  become 
"like  unto  the  Garden  of  Eden  "  under  the  toil  of  "  the  people  of  /ion." 

Great  Salt  Lake  is  4,000  feet  above  sea  level.  It  contains  an  area  of  about  2,500  Fquare 
miles,  80  miles  in  extreme  length  and  50  miles  In  greatest  width,  it  contains  several 
very  picturesque  island*.  Its  greatest  depth  is  not  more  than  GO  feet,  but  the  mean 
depth  about  20  feet.  Some  of  its  coast  scenery  is  very  rugged  and  picturesque  11.2 

Although  Dump  Mountain,  in  the  foreground  of  this  picture,  look*  higher  Uiaa 
those  snow  clad  peaks  beyond,  the  illusion  is  soon  dispelled  when  one  is  informed  that 
it  la  only  as  it  were  a  stepping  stone  in  the  route  to  Veta  Pass  above  it,  between  those 
lofty  piles  of  eternal  snow.  This  celebrated  pass  is  on  the  Mlvcrtou  Branch  of  the 
D.  *  R.  G.  R.  R.  and  is  9,392  feet  above  sea  level.  The  ascent  of  a  train  up  this  great 
Incline  always  requires  the  strength  of  two  of  the  most  powerful  .Mogul  locomotives. 
The  celebrated  "mule  shoe  ourvo,"  here  traversed,  is  said  to  be  the  sharpest  curve  of 
the  kind  known  to  rail  road  engineering.  The  entire  track  is  one  continuation  of 
curves  and  reverses  ;  miles  of  distance  being  often  necessary  to  be  traveled  to  overcome 
an  air  line  grade  the  distance  of  a  few  hundred  yards.  The  view  trom  the  top  of  the 
mountain  Is  one  of  the  grandest  on  the  continent,  extending  for  nearly  200  miles  in 
some  directions  over  the  snow  clad  peaks  of  the  Rockies;  the  ever-changing  scenery 
within  the  grand  compass  of  the  view  is  a  realization  of  enthusiastic  admiration  which 
can  never  be  forgotten  by  those  who  have  been  so  fortunate  as  to  take  a  trip  over  this 
.scenic  Route  of  America.  •  [,.3 


•  The  Gardo  House,  Salt  Lake  City,  like  the  great  Tabernacle  and  the  great  Temple, 
Is  one  of  the  chief  attractions  ot  the  Mormon  Capital.  Our  picture  shows  It  to  be  a 
structure  of  which  any  city  might  well  be  proud.  Until  the  li.st  few  years  the  outside 
world  has  known  but  little  of  tne  Mormon  people  whose  favorite  city  above  mentioned 
is  called  by  them  '•  Xion,  beautiful  for  situation  aud  the  joy  of  the  whole  earth. "i  The 
city  itself  is  beautifully  located  on  the  westers  slope  of  the  Wasatch  mountains  and  a 
few  miles  east  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  Utah.  The  thrifty  founders  of  this  territory 
were  long  headed  men  and  looked  well  to  the  future  of  their  Metropolis.  The  streets  of 
the  city  are  all  at  right  angles,  are  120  feet  wide  and  are  lined  with  beautiful  shade 
trees.  'Irrigating  currents,  fed  by  the  snows  of  the  mountains,  run  in  pietty  little 
streams  through  many  of  the  streets.  The  Mormons  believe  in  theocracy  and  their 
president  is  both  a  pope  and  a  czar  whose  word  is  the  same  as  God's  command.  Tin  ir 
twi  nty-four  elders  and  twelve  apostles  assist  the  president  in  governing  the  '2l«JOlO 
adherents  to  the  Mormon  faith  as  nearly  as  they  can  in  accordance  with  the  laws  of 
Mo.sesand  the  Bible,  as  they  understand  them.  Their  church  and  their  religion  come 
first  in  the  ideas  and  aspirations  of  all  Mormons ;  self  and  self  inteiest,  secoi.d.  11.4 

Boulder  (anon  is  about  thirty  miles  west  of  Denver  via  direct  line  of  the  Colorado 
Central  Branch  of  the  Union  Pacific  It.  H.,  a  branch  of  whicli  runs  up  this  canon  as  lar 
as  the  little  town  of  Sunset,  a  few  miles  only  in  direct  distance  but  several  times  tho 
air  line  measurement  by  the  continuation  of  curves  necessary  to  overcome  the 2.^61 
feel  increase  in  elevation.  Wild  railroading  indeed.  The  track  necessarily  lnr .s  the 
precipitous  walls  very  closely  and  in  many  Instances  is  hewn  into  the  rock  it  elfin 
order  to  avoid  the  dashing  little  mad  stream  which  bears  the  same  name.  A  trip  to 
sunset,  however,  is  well  worth  the  taking  if  the  wcs.ther  is  clear,  for  the  view  of  the 
countless  snow-clad  peaks  of  the  Kocky  Mountains  that  recede  in  every  direction, 
form  a  picture  never  In  he  forgotten  anil  hard  to  be  described.  Mines  of  rare  product- 
ive powers  in  these  localities  were  the  only  incentive  for  the  great  expense  necessary 
to  build  aud  equip  a  railroad  in  such  solemn,  sublime  unrl  v  t  aViost  ina"'  <ihlq 
regions. 

This  view  of  the  Palisades  gives  an  Idea  of  the  difficulties  encountered  In  building 
the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  through  the  Rocky  Mountains.  In  many  instances  the  rail- 
road track  goes  15  to  20  miles  In  getting  2  or  3  miles  actual  extension,  so  tortuous  must 
be  the  route  In  climbing  the  lofty  heights  that  must  be  crossed.  The  1'alisades  are 
near  Alpine  Tunnel  on  the  South  Park  Branch  of  tne  Union  Pacific  Railroad  between 
St.  Elmo  and  Gunnison,  Col.  The  tunnels  highest  elevation  in  thecenter  of  its  1773  feet 
of  darkness  is  11,598  feet  above  sea  level,  ana  is  the  highest  R.  I!,  tunnel  in  the  world. 
The  center  also  is  what  is  called  the  crest  of  the  continent.  Water  from  one  side  of  it 
flows  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  fiom  the  other  side  into  the  Pacific  Ocean  The  material 
for  building  this  tunnel  was  brought  up  the  mountain  on  pack  horses  over  trails  where 
no  foot  had  ever  trod  save  that  of  the  mountain  sheep  and  deer  aud  where  man  had 
never  before  dared  venture.  -  IM 

The  Eagle  Gate  marks  that  section  of  the  beautiful  city  of  Salt  Lake  known  as  the 
home  of  the  descendants  of  Hrigham  Young  the  late  President  of  the  Mormons.  That 
gentleman  had  19  wives  and  some  65  children.  He  was  a  great  leader  of  a  people  of  no 
mean  prospects.  Perhaps  no  shrewder  man  has  lived  in  this  century  so  far  as,  having 
an  aim  for  absolute  control  of  other  people's  destinies  and  accomplishing  his  ends. 
He  founded  Salt  Lake  City  and  made  •'  the  desert  to  blossom  like  the  lose."  His  word 
was  irresistable  law  among  the  faithful  and  that  people  increased  in  numbers,  lands 
aud  riches  more  rapidly  than  the  ideas  of  flci  ion. 

Tiie  system  of  tithing  of  one  tenth  of  all  the  proceeds  of  the  people's  industry  for 
t'.je  benefit  of  t:ie  church  was  acquiesced  incompletely  and  "  Ti:u  Tithing  House"  here 
shown  was  always  full  of  rieu  stores  of  the  needful  for  Hrigham  Young  and  his  Klders 
and  Apostles.  The  church  controlled  the  schools,  politics  Euro  the  family;  Uiecl.urch 
owned  tne  roads,  the  irrigating  flumes  ;>i.d  railroads,  Uiu  f;xstori'  s  and  the  prl:iciprl 
commercial  enterprises.  The  words,  "Holiness  to  the  Lord,"  were  printed  even  upon 
the  stationery  of  most  busiTiess  houses  as  v.'i  u  as  upon  the  outer  wails  <.f  the  cliurcn-  s. 
The  thrift  of  the  mountain  |  eO|.le  is  a  convincing  proof  of  the  results  of  persecuting 
my  sect  on  account  of  religious  bi  liefs.  >o\v  that  the  Gei.tllrs  are  flllii.g  up  the  Jior- 
iiuui  citUsund  controlling  tlieelertions  the  M<;r:r..-Mi  power  is  on  the  wane.  133 


This  view  of  Salt  Lake  City  is  taken  from  the  observation  tower  situated  upon  the 
lirlls  back  of  the  numerous  homes  of  the  descendants  of  Erigham  Young.  The  Marble 
Temple  with  the  spires  i.  not  completed,  though  already  ;i&  years  in  building ;  it  will 
cost  W  000  000.  The  dome  shaped  building  is  t'.;e  great  Mormon  tabernacle  which  will 
seat  10,000  to  12,000  people,  all  of  whom  can  hear  every  word  the  preacher  utters.  Salt 
Lake  City  is  the  "  Mecca  "  of  the  Mormons,  who  are  a  simple  but  very  religious,  indus- 
trious and  thrifty  people,  who  live  in  strict  accordance  with  the  law  of  Moses,  except 
that  for  many  years  plurality  of  wives  had  been  allowed.  They  number  some  210.UOO 
and  believe  in  the  direct  inspiration  of  the  head  of  their  church,  whose  dictate  s  are 
their  supreme  law.  They  drink  no  intoxicating  liquors.  The  present  populalion  of 
Salt  Lake  City  is  about  5.>,0»0.  It  is  the  center  of  commerce  for  a  very  large  area  and  is 
reached  from' the  east  bv  the  Union  Pacific,  the  Denver  and  Rio  Grande,  and  the  Col- 
orado Midland  Railroads,  The  hills  around  about  Salt  Lake  City  abound  in  all  manner 
or  precious  metals  which  are  being  mined  only  since  the  arrival  of  the  railroads,  as 
previously  the  head  of  the  church  kept  the  people  engaged  in  agricultural  and  small 
manufacturing  pursuits.  IM 

Green  River  is  the  name  of  a  small  station  on  Ihe  TJ.  P.  R.  R.  in  Wyoming, 
on  the  Green  Hiver  which  joins  with  the  Grand  River  to  form  the  Colorado  Kiver  at  a 
point  many  miles  south.  l)uring  the  summer  and  fall  these  streams  are  quite  insignifi- 
cant, but  winter's  snows  and  rains  often  swell  them  to  great  proportions.  This  whole 
section  of  country  is  rather  barren  and  forlorn  in  appearance,  as  if  iu  the  distant  ages 
it  had  been  but  the  bottom  of  a  turbulent  inland  sea  which  had  receded  by  spasmodic 
stages  of  long  continuation  at  various  levels. 

The  numerous  buttes  or  lonely  mountains  which  dot  tills  desert  here  and  there 
fibow  the  strangest  peculiarity  of  strata  in  their  formation  as  if  scoured  forages  by 
•  lashing  waves  which  caused  all  else  to  crumble  but  these  solitary  giant  piles.  They 
remind  one  strangely  of  the  pyramids  of  Kgypt  and  the  ruins  on  the  plains  near 
aucieut  Babylon.  15.1 

The  great  fihoshone  Falls  of  Snake  River  are  situated  in  the  southern  part  of  Idaho 
find:/,  miles  soutli  of  shoshoue  station  on  the  Union  Pacific  K.  R.,  being  access!  hie  only 
by  stage  or  private  carriage  over  a  barren  plain  of  lava  formation.  The  touristapproach- 
Ing  the  river  sees  no  sign  of  it:  directly  at  its  brink  he  finds  a  canon  of  almost  perpen- 
dicular Walls  a  thousand  feet  deep  and  a  mighty  river  sweeping  along  among  the  rocks 
below  him.  The  entire  region  is  volcanic  and  no  signs  of  vegetation  anywhere  except 
near  the  water's  brink  where  a  little  soil  clings  to  the  ever-present  rocks.  1  here  are 
mimon. us  crarks  or  chasms  here  and  thereo'er  the  plain,  down  which,  if  you  drop  a 
stone  you  hear  the  noise  of  its  tortuous  descent  i::to  the  darkness  which  continues 
until  tooiloep  to  hear,  but  you  know  the  bottom  is  not  reached,  s^nake  River  lies  in  one 
of  these  cracks  of  a  wider  nature  and  to  look  down  into  its  yawning  chasm  below  the 
great  Falls,  is  like  looking  into  the  Infinite.  1  here  are  sevf  n  distinct  channels  to  the 
riv.  remised  by  the  i  lands  Just  above  the  Falls,  'mil  just  at  the  Falls,  they  come  together 
aslf  gutiK  rii.0  strength  for  the  mighty  plunge  of  i£-0  feet  into  the  broad  ba.sia  below,  ij-j 

Bridge  across  S'nake  River,  Idaho.— Snake  River  Is  one  of  the  tributaries  of  the 
great  Columbia  Kiver.  It  rises  in  the  west  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  on  the  bor- 
tiersof  Idaho  an. I  Wyoming,  a  few  miles  southwest  of  Yellowstone  Park.  This  view 
sl'.ows  the  crossing  of  the  Oregeon  Short  Line  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  The 
<:ireuito'*.s  windings  <-f  this  remarkable  river  art  mostly  between  ragged  wallsof  barren 
rocks  which  are  largely  of  volcanic  origin.  Tl<e  sides  of  which  often  form  great  caves 
and  inaccessible  retreats  suiU'd  only  for  the  howling  of  the  winds  and  the  echoes  and 
reverberr.ii'insof  Jrequent  rapids  ai  d  waterfalls.  At  times  the  bed  of  the  river  for 
miles  is  in  t  le  depths  of  :>  canon  Hf.H  to  1,000  feet  deep.  The  great  Shoshone  Falls  of  this 
river  are  one  of  thegraurlest  sights  in  America.  .Niagara  is  different,  but  not  superior. 
\\  here  Nl"ia-K,  is  environed  by  commonplace  landscapes,  Hioshoiie  dashes  between 
rocks  a  thousand  feet  higli  )md  the  entire  surroundings  are  weird  and  supernatural. 
Tlic-  en  tire  width  of  bhoshone  i  ai.s  isUoOUet,  ij.j 


Gardiner  River  Hot  Spring.— The  tourist  en  route  to  Yellowstone  Park  leaves  the 
main  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  at  Livingston  station  and  proceeds  about 
five  miles  south  over  a  branch  railroad  to  Cinnabar  station  whence  the  entire  circuitof 
the  Park  is  made  by  stage  and  horseback.  The  first  scene  of  importance  is  s  on 
revealed.  ''Mammoth  Hot  [Springs  "  or  as  formerly  called  tiie  "  Pink  Terracesof  Gardi- 
ner River."  Upon  a  pyramid  of  carbonate  of  lime  occupying  over  160  acres  these 
springs,  about  fifty  in  number,  have  been  boiling  up  each  in  its  own  highly  colored 
basin  for  thousands  of  years;  each  day  there  is  nn  infinitesimal  increase  in  the  height 
of  these  basins  through  the  adhesive  action  of  the  minerals  of  the  waters.  No  painter 
can  depict  colorings  or  shadings  quite  so  beautiful  as  those  witli  which  nature  has  here 
bedecked  this  wonder  of  her  own  making.  Many  strange,  solit-fy  but  7mifrci''e  rocks 
li  e  "  Liberty  Cap  "  are  to  be  seen  here  and  there  like  sentinels  guarding  the  vast  lone 

cinesSS.  15-4 

The  geysers  or  spouting  boiling  springs  of  the  Yellowstone  are  generally  in  groups 
not  far  apart.  Lone  >tar  liefer,  although  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  the  Mre  Hole 
Basin,  is  so  far  from  the  others  and  yet  so  grand  that  it  takes  its  name  from  its  position 
and  the  effect  the  sunlight  semis  to  have  upon  the  mineral  substances  it  emits  when  It 
re-iche  i  the  dizzy  heights  to  which  it  ascends,  from  time  to  time,  as  nature  in  its  vio- 
lence vomits  up  her  surplus  interior  stock  in-trade.  Keppler's  Cascade  is  one  of  the 
lovliest  sights  ot  Fire  Hole  Basin,  which  is  formed  in  the  south  west  part  of  1  ellowstone 
Park,  ost"iisll>ly  in  Madison  Lake  but  principally  by  the  numerous  geysers  and  hot 
springs  which  from  time  to  time  explode  a-d  overflow  into  this  beautiful  torrent 
stream  A  month  is  not  too  long  for  a  tourist  to  spend  in  the  wonderland  of  \  ellow- 
stc'ie.  if  he  would  see  one  half  the  peculiar  sights  and  strange  phenomena  of  nature,  n-i 

The  Grand  Geyser  of  the  Yellowstone  and  also  of  the  world  Is  situated  In  the  south- 
west corner  of  the  Park  among  about  50  other  hot  springs  and  geysers.  When  quiet 
it  appears  likea  well  20  or  23  feet  in  diameter  and  100  feet  deep.  About  once  in  30  hours 
the  water  begins  to  rise  and  boils  at  a  great  rate  until  within  a  few  feet  of  the  top,  then 
a  few  terrific  intonations,  as  of  earthquake  shocks,  are  heard  a&d  at  once  a  mighty 
stream  of  solid  water  20  or  25  feet  in  diameter  shoots  up  Into  the  air  a  distance  of  200 
eet  and  steam  and  spray  300  feet  higher,  which  divides  before  reaching  the  highest 
limit  into  flvedifferent  streams,  fach  varying  slightly  in  gravity  and  direction.  This 
exhibition  continues  20  minutes,  then  all  suddenly  subsides.  When  the  eruptions  take 
place  iu  sunlight  the  hundreds  of  changing  rainbows  and  flashes  of  color  caused  by  the 
slightest  change  in  the  wind,  afford  one  of  the  grandest  scenes  possible  to  the  human  eye. 
Although  there  are  7i  important  geysers  in  Yellowstone  Park,  no  two  of  them  are 
known  to  be  in  close  enough  conjunction  to  operate  together.  17.1 


Prominent  among  the  hot  water  gushers  of  Upper  Geyser  Basin,  Yellowstone  Park, 
is  the  Bee  Hive  Ge.vser.    It  is  situated  not  far  from  "  Old  Kaithful."    Once  ii,  every  two 


preliminary  warning,  a  stream  of  hot  water  2x3  feet  IE 


Of  the71  important  hot  water  "factories" (geysers) of  iTrllowstoue  Park,  "Old  1-auu- 
ful  "  was  the  first  to  be  uiseoveied  iu  operation.  It  takes  iis  name  from  the  regularity 
of  its  outbursts  which  occur  at  intervals  of  a  Iktle  over  ;  n  hour,  twenty  times  a  day. 
It  issituated  In  Fire  Hole  region  in  thesouth-west  p  n  of  the  heservatlou.  ;t  stands 
on  a  mound  of  rock  some  30  feet  above  the  surrounding  laud:  close  to  the  opening  of 
the  geyser,  its  walls  ti  to  8  feet  high,  have  been  raised  up  by  the  mineral  action  of  the 
waters  upon  the  sui  rounding  stone.  It  is  all  of  stalagmite,  and  nature  and  earth  i  as 
used  its  richest  treasures  in  the  beauty  of  the  material  of  which  the  walls  are  composed. 
"Old  Faithful  "sends  up  a  e-olumn  of  water  and  ste'ain  t25  to  lao  feet  high, 3  to 7  net  in 
liameur,  continuing  Iior20  minutes  at  each  eruption.  i.-t 


Yellowstone  Lake  Is  a  body  of  water  varying  in  width  from  three  to  ten  miles  nnd 
In  length  from  eight  to  15  miles,  situated  in  the  south  part  of  Yellowstone  National 
Park  Reservation.  It  is  one  of  the  soureesof  the  "  Father  of  Waters  "  and  Is  situated 
scarcely  a  mile  from  what  is  known  as  Ihe  Continental  Divide,  at.  which  point  falling 
water  has  an  even  chance  to  reach  either  the  Pacific  Ocean  through  the  Columbia 
River,  or  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  through  the  Yellowstone,  Missouri  and  Mississippi  Riv- 
ers. The  Lake,  now  a  paradise  for  fishermen,  was  evidently,  in  pre-historic  times,  the 
crater  of  a  great  volcano ;  the  gurglings  of  which  ar  •  still  present  in  the  shape  of  holes 
In  the  rocks  even  at  the  edge  of  the  water  of  the  lake,  where  forever  boils  the  water 
over  nature's  own  fires  and  where  the  fisherman  inay  boil  his  fish  as  fast  as  he  can 
catch  them.  The  lake  is  7,788  feet  above  sealevel  and  furnishes  the  wherewith  for  the 
numerous  grand  and  beautiful  waterfalls  which  have  made  Yellowstone  River  so 
attractive  to  the  tourist.  Yellowstone  Park  is  not  open  for  settlement  but  is  ever  to  be 
kept  as  a  National  'Curiosity  Shop,"  MX  05  miles  in  dimensions.  19.' 

Camping  in  the  Rockies  Is  one  of  the  necessary  experiences  of  those  who  visit  the 
••Nation's  Wonderland,"  Yellowstone  Park.  It  in  56x<35  miles  in  area  and  many 
of  the  richest  beauties  are  far  from  hotel  or  even  a  wagon  road.  The  pack  mule 
here  is  worth  his  highest  value,  in  the  high  altitudes  of  the  Rockies  the  air  is  *o  pure 
and  dry,  all  that  is  needed  at  night  Is  plenty  of  covers  to  keep  warm ;  as  far  as  eating  is 
concerned,  the  exhilarating  tramps  here  and  there  taking  In  the  countless  beauties  to 
be  seen  iu  Yellowstone  Park  bring  appetites  ready  to  eat  almost  anything  that  is  pro- 
vided. The  regular  tour  of  Yellowstone  requires  five  days,  but  for  those  who  have  the 
time  and  means  many  times  five  days  can  be  delightfully  spent  among  the  ever- 
changing  scenes  of  waterfalls,  geysers,  canons,  gorges,  lakes  mountains  and  plains. 
Crystal  Falls,  which  is  here  but  dimly  shown,  is  only  one  of  many  scores  of  dashin" 
mountain  torrents  to  be  found  in  Yellowstone  Park.  ,9.2 

A  realization  of  the  height,  depth  and  distance,  in  other  words,  "  the  perspective," 
is  almost  an  impossible  impression  upon  the  mind,  as  a  result  of  seeing  pictures  of 
such  wonders  as  the  Grand  C'anpn  of  the  Yellowstone.  Those  unaccustomed  to  sights 
so  deep,  so  high,  so  far,  so  beautiful,  yet  so  awful,  can  hardly  believe  that  the  picture 
here  represented  attempts  to  portray  a  chasm  five  times  as  deep  as  the  heightof  Wash- 
ington Monument,  where  the  roaring  torrent  river  at  the  bottom  is  so  far  away  not  a 
ripple  can  be  heard;  where  one  tower  of  rock  after  another  seems  lu  strife  to  excel,  not 
only  in  size  and  height,  but  in  color  as  well.  Surely  the  walls  of  the  new  Jerusalem 
must  have  been  quarried  here;  alt  twelve  of  the  sacred  stones  of  the  Revelation  are 
here  and  side  by  side,  and  as  the  noon-day  sunbeams  dance  between  their  glistening 
Bides  one  almost  imagines  this  to  be  the  gateway  to  Heaven  ;  and  while  in  wonder,  lost 
with  all  the  dazzling  beauty,  amid  such  dizzy  heights  and  depths,  the  eye  is  drawn,  as 
If  by  a  magnet,  to  the  great  waterfall  a  few  miles  in  the  distance,  white  with  crystal 
spray  made  glorious  by  a  thousand  rainbows.  Could  it  be  the  "  Great  White  Throne?" 
Words  are  too  feeble  to  express  one's  feelings  when  sights  like  this  are  revealed.  19.3 

On  the  south  Bide  of  Fire  Hole  River,  Upper  Geyser  Basin,  Is  a  large  group  of  springs 
the  chief  of  which  is  the  Giant.  It  has  an  immense  ragged  crater,  shaped  like  the  base 
of  a  large  broken  horn  10  or  12  feet  hlgh>  Its  opening  or  nozzle  is  about  7  feet  In 
diameter.  When  in  a  quiet  state,  the  boiling  water  can  be  seen  in  its  chasm  at  a  dr'ptti 
of  80  or  40  feet  where  it  produces  a  mumbling  noise.  This  great  geyser  throws  up  boil- 
Ing  water  to  the  height  of  nearly  200  feet,  diameter  of  the  stream  being  7  feet.  On  one 
occasion  it  operated  continuously  for  more  thau  three  hours.  Near,  and  acting  in 
concert  with  it,  are  half  a  dozen  smaller  craters  from  2  to  8  feet  in  height,  constantly 
full  of  water  and  boiling  violently  from  2  to  6  feet  into  the  air.  The  Giantess  Geyser 
sends  out  eruptions  lasting  20  minutes  at  a  time  and  reaching  a  height  of  260  feet.  It 
operates  about  twice  each  24  hours,  and  isoneof  the  grandest  sights  of  the  whole  valley. 
Some  Chinese  recently  started  a  laundry  in  this  section,  having  built  their  tent  above 
one  of  the  hot  water  pots.  When  it  started  to  boil,  the  action  was  so  sudden,  th<>  Chi- 
nese were  dead  before  they  Knew  that  it  was  loaded.  <  19.4 


The  three  Tetons  are  Peaks  of  the  Rockies  lu  eastern  Idaho  at  the  southwest  cor- 
ner of  Yellowstone  Park,  which  is  a  tract  of  land  oox  05  miles  :  et  apart  by  law,  :ibout 
the  sources  of  th>-  Yellowstone  and  Missouri  Rivers  and  has  been  dedicated  as  a 
National  Park  and  pleasure  ground  for  the  benefit  and  enjoyment  of  the  public.  The 
entire  area  within  the  limits  of  the  Reservation  is  over  5,9">0  feet  in  altitude,  and  tho 
Yellowstone  Lake  which  occupies  an  area  15x24  miles  or  S60  square  miles,  is  7,42  >  f.  1 1 
in  altitude  The  ranges  of  mountains  that  hem  the  valleys  on  every  side  rise  to  tho 
height  of  10,000  and  12,000  feet  and  are  covered  with  snow  the  year  round.  These  moun- 
tains are  all  of  volcanic  origin  and  hence  it  is  not  probable  that  any  mines  or  minerals 
of  value  will  ever  be  found  there.  During  the  months  of  June,  July  and  August  the 
climate  is  pure  and  most  invigorating  with  scarcely  any  rain  or  sto'rms  of  an"  kind. 
The  whole  region  abounds  in  the  most  remarkable  volcanic  manifestations  of  tho 
Internal  forces  ever  seen  by  the  human  eye.  Hot  springs  or  geysers  are  adorned  with 
decorations  more  beautiful  than  could  be  produced  by  art  and  which  has  required 
thousands  of  years  for  the  cunning  hand  of  nature  to  form.  -ji.i 

.Mount,  Uuker  Is  the  last  of  the  Cascade  Range  in  the  north-west  corner  of  Washing- 
ton and  just  east  of  the  flourishing  town  of  New  Whatcom  on  Puget  Sound.  It  is  only 
about  11095  feet  in  height  but  its  snow  clad  peak  rises  so  beautifully  near  to  sea  level 
it  appears  much  higher  if  compared  with  other  mountains  whose  base  line  perhaps 
as  in  the  Rocky  .Mountains,  is  five  or  six  thou  sand  feet  above  sea  level  before  the 
mountain  proper  starts. 

.  Our  picture  is  a  copy  of  a  photograph  from  a  painting  by  a  celebrated  German 
artist  who  visited  America  a  few  years  since  but  whose  name  is  forgotten  by  the  writer 
of  this  article.  The  view  is  from  a  camping  ground  ou  the  Skagit  River  where  the 
proximity  to  salt  water  makes  a  very  equable  climate  highly  adapted  for  easy  farm 
Ing,  and  the  table  lands  above  for  sheep  raising.  The  entire  Sound  Country  is  full  of 
romantic  spots  of  rare  and  picturesque  loveliness,  attractive  for  tourists,  artists  and 
huuters  as  well  as  the  sturdy  pioneer.  ,lt 

Mount  Hood,  the  pride  of  the  natives  of  Oregon,  Is  11,220  feet  high,  and  situated 
about  75  miles  southeast  of  Portland.  It  rises  singly  and  is  b  autiful  ou  account  of  its 
loneliness.  The  atmosphere  about  it  is  so  clear  it  can  be  seen  for  over  a  hundred  miles 
and  its  crest,  covered  oy  eternal  snows  and  ice  glistens  in  the  sunlight  like  a  beacon 
for  the  >yeary  traveler.  It  is  not  so  often  hid  from  view  by  haze  aud  clouds  like  other 
mountains  and  thus  is  better  known  than  many  of  its  neighboring  peaks  of  the  Cas- 
cade mountains. 

The  Columbia  River,  that  mighty  artery  of  the  northwest  1,2IH)  miles  in  length. 
Is  ordinarily  2,010  to  2  500  feet  in  width,  but  at  the  Dalles,  the  point  of  this  picture,  this 
frreat  current  is  compressed  into  a  channel  130  feet  across.  During  summer  freshets 
the  river  sometimes  rises  at  this  point  120  feet  and  a  rise  of  BO  or  65  feet  is  no  uncom- 
mon thing.  The  name  Dalles  seems  to  mean  a  narrow  gorge  or  canon  No  finer  sigbt 
on  the  Oregon  .Short  Line  R.  R.  than  Mouut  Hood  from  the  head  of  the  Dalles.  21-3 

Mount  Rainier  (or  I'acoma)  Is  about  14,450  feet  In  height,  is  third  in  size  in  tho 
t'nitL'd  taUs.  and  i  isi  s  majestically  from  Puget  Sound,  Washington.  It  isoneof  tin) 
mo -I  northerly  of  the  Cascade  Range  and  a  very  king  among  them  all.  Standing  upon 
the  balcony  of  the  Tacoma  hotel  at  Tacoma,  Washington,  early  In  a  lovely  spring 
morning  as  the  sun  slowly  creeps  up  from  behind  this  monster  phantom,  the  feeling  of 
awe  In  the  presence  of  Mount  Tacoma's  greatness  is  sublime  and  never  to  be  forgotten. 
No  mountain  rises  more  beautifully  or  regularly  to  so  great  an  Immediate  altitude. 
Words  are  useless  In  describing  such  sights  except  to  those  who  have  seen  mountains 
before.  Almost  et<  rnal  verdure  on  the  lovely  Puget 's  Sound  marks  its  base,  and  never 
melting  glaciers  tver  glisten  iu  the  Buiilight  on  its  crest  above  the  clouds.  Even 
Tacoma  has  its  gloomy  days  and  often  when  it  rains  in  "the  Sound  Country.-*  as  it 
•ometimes  does,  thi  tourist  must  wait  for  days  before  being  able  to  see  Mount  Tacoma 
as  it  should  be  seen  and  eren  then  the  sight  is  often  only  a  rift  between  two  clouds 
which  before  one  is  ready  closes  In  again  like  a  stage  curtain  when  one  is  only  halt 
apprised  of  the  genuineness  of  what  first  appeared  a  sublime  phantom  of  whiteness  in 
the  sky  with  a  base  blending  in  color  with  the  earth  so  slowly  as  to  deceive  all  but 
practiced  eyes.  «.* 


The  Columbia  River  and  Puget  Sound  country  has  only  been  opened  to  commerce 
within  the  recollection  of  the  present  generation.  /  stream  equal  in  size,  import- 
ance and  picturesque  surroundings  to  the  Danube  of  Europe,  navigable  for  1,200  miles 
and  draining  for  the  Northwest  almost  as  great  a  territory  as  the  St.  Lawrence  for  the 
Northeast.  It  is  the  grand  avenue  of  commerce  for  the  greatest  wheat  and  lumber 
producing  territory  In  the  world.  Navigable  for  the  largest  ships  100  miles  from  its 
mouth  with  a  three  foot  tide  daily  at  I'ortland  and  100  feet  deep  for  nearly  100  miles 
further  up  ;  with  the  snow-clad  giant  mountains  of  the  Cascade  Range  on  either  side 
and  almost  eternal  verdure  among  the  lowlands  near  the  water's  level,  occasional 
grand  sights  of  close  Jutting  cliffs  which  like  Cape  Horn  and  Ballet's  Hades  lift  their 
bare  shoulders  a  thousand  feet  sheer  height  above  the  water ;  thrifty  canning  factories, 
saw  mills  and  flouring  mills  scattered  here  and  there  among  growing  cities,  and  a  cli- 
mate that  is  all  that  story  or  fable  could  require;  with  all  these  attractions  the  Colum- 
bia is  indeed  what  Is  claimed  for  it— the  grandest  river  in  America,  for  the  tourist,  the 
pleasure  seeker,  the  poet,  the  pioneer,  the  merchant,  the  manufacturer  or  the  man 
sucking  for  an  Investment.  O  ss-1 

Mount  Hood,  whose  top  Is  11,200  feet  above  sea  level,  as  seen  from  the  Columbia 
River,  compared  witli  Pikes  Peak  from  JJenver,  is  fully  3,000  feet  higher.  It  must 
be  seen  to  be  appreciated  ;  describing  to  others  a  lofty  mountain  whose  top  is 
encased  in  glaciers,  some  of  which  are  a  mile  in  width  and  often  beyond  the  clouds  Is 
almost  like  trying  to  explain  toa  deaf  man  the  beauties  of  music.  Words  are  inad- 
equate. Seeing  a  pile  of  snow  50  or  100  miles  away  and  banked  up  toa  height  above  the 
clouds  requires  practice  to  appreciate  and  time  to  enjoy.  Few  Indeed  are  the  daring 
tourists  who  ever  ascend  the  slippery  heights  of  Mt.  Hood's  Icy  crest.  From  Portland 
Heights  on  a  clear  day  can  be  seen  in  all  theirspleudor  and  varying  in  distance  50  to 
150  miles,  Mt.  Hood,  Mt.  Adams,  Mt»  St.  Helen's  and  Mt.  Rainier,  the  grande-t  spires  of 
the  Cascade  Range.  Portland  is  usually  supposed  to  be  one  of  thesightsof  the  Colum- 
bia River,  but  it  is  located  12  miles  from  the  Columbia  on  the  Willamette  Kiver,  which 
Is  one  of  the  Columbia's  best  tributaries,  "  one  of  the  family,"  so  to  speak.  za-a 

Castle  Rock,  over  950  feet  in  height,  grand,  solitary,  and  peculiar,  stands  like  a  sen- 
tinel on  the  bank  of  the  grand  old  Columbia  River  on  the  route  from  the  Cascades  to 
Portland.  During  that  56  mile  ride  what  a  list  of  Nature's  curiosities  of  similar  import 
one  must  pass!  Roosti  r  Rock,  Cape  Horn,  Hallet's  Hades,  Sentinel  Rock,  etc. 
The  fish  wheels  of  theColumbla,  partially  shown  on  the  left  of  this  picture,  are  quite 
interesting  to  the  stranger.  During  certain  seasons  of  the  year  the  salmon  and  stur- 
geon and  many  other  flue  fish  run  up  this  river  in  such  schools  that  nets  fixed  upon 
wheels  like  the  paddle  wheels  of  a  steam  boat  and  revolved  mechanically,  not  only 
catch  up  the  fish  but  throw  them  gently  into  the  boat,  and  it  docs  not  take  long  to 
nil  a  boat.  The  Columbia  River  affords  1,200  miles  of  good  navigation  excepting 
at  the  Cascades,  around  which  for  five  miles  a  canal  is  being  constructed.  The  Colum- 
bia vies  with  the  Khoue,  the  Rhine,  the  Danube  and  the  Hudson  Riven  in  scenery,  and 
those  who  have  traversed  its  entire  length  report  it  to  exceed  them  all.  »  :t 

The  California  tourist  is  often  carried  across  the  Sacramento  River  before  he  knows 
It.  The  entire  overland  train  of  the  Southern  Pacillc  K.  K.  runs  onto  the  great  rail 
road  ferry  boat  frolano  and  is  transferred  so  quietly  to  the  other  side  of  that  deep  arm 
of  ban  Francisco  Kay  he  is  seldom  apprised  of  the  peculiarity  of  the  manner  until  he 
Is  long  past  it.  A  similar  method  has  been  adopted  by  the  Northern  Pacific  R.  R.  a 
few  miles  north  of  Portland,  Oregon,  to  get  across  the  Columbia  River. 

Some  streets  in  Pan  Francisco  are  so  steep  it  is  quite  impossible  for  teams  to  go  up 
them  and  hence  the  expression  "grass  grows  in  the  middle  of  the  streets."  Power  for  the 
streetcars  is  furnished  by  cable  process  and  is  very  efficient  and  satisfactory.  Strict 
cars  take  the  tourist  quickly  to  almost  every  point  in  the  city  and  thus  bucks  and  car- 
riages thrive  not  so  well  as  In  other  cities.  Telegraph  Hill  is  the  observatory  from 
which  incoming  and  outgoing  ships  are  reported.  A  part  of  California  street  h:is 
recently  become  monopolized  by  Chinese  shops  and  bazaars  and  is  therefore  attractive 
to  strangers.  »•« 


A  visit  to  "The  Golden  Gate"  Is  the  climax  toa  western  tour.  The  U.  S.  Govern- 
ment has  wisely  guarded  the  entrance  to  beautiful  !^an  Francisco  Bay  by  a  military 
post  of  no  mean  pretentions.  The  cliffs  on  either  side  are  interwoven  with  a  net-work 
of  underground  and  invisible  fortifications  which  center  in  what  is  called  Fort  Point 
where  we  are  ever  ready  for  open  warfare.  The  Golden  Gate  at  this  point  is  2^£  miles  in 
width,  Mt.  Tamalpals  on  the  opposite  side  rising  to  about  6,100  feet  in  height  at  its  crest. 
On  Fort  Point  side  the  highest  near  elevation  is  about  600  to  800  feet  from  which,  how- 
ever, a  most  magnificent  view  is  obtained  of  the  Pacific  and  coast  lines  on  the  west, 
north  and  south,  ssan  Francisco  and  San  Francisco  Bay  on  the  east  with  the  beautiful 
Sierras  beyond.  The  bay  of  Naples  is  the  only  equally  beautiful  body  of  water  in  the 
world.  San  Francisco  Bay  extends  about  60  miles  north  and  south  and  about  13  miles 
in  greatest  width,  and  with  Its  ever  verdant  shores,  Its  pretty  Islands,  its  balmy  climate, 
Its  golden  sunsets,  its  fruits  and  ever  blooming  flowers  is  indeed  a  most  enchanting 
water.  To  fully  appreciate  its  loveliness  one  should  take  trips  on  tho  numerous  lines 
of  ferry  boats  to  every  point  of  the  compass  and  see  the  sights  under  the  different  effects 
of  the  peculiarly  lovely  California  sunlight.  ij-i 

The  Palace  Hotel  Is  the  largest  structure  of  the  kind  in  the  world  ;  <•».  /ering  nearly 
'l\i  acres  of  ground  in  the  busiest  part  of  San  Francisco.  Its  general  form  is  an  immense 
triplicate,  hollow  quadrangle  Including  one  grand  central  crystal  roofed  garden  court, 
Hanked  by  a  lesser  and  parallel  court  on  either  side.  It  is  s<  von  stories  besides  the  base- 
ment and  its  foundatfon  walls  are  12  feel  thick.  The  Palace  has  T7.">  rooms  for  guests, 
none  of  which  are  less  than  lux  16  feet.  Every  outer  room  has  its  own  bay  window.  Ills 
said  to  be  fire  proof  as  well  as  proof  against  earthquakes  and  it  cost upwards  of  $5,000,000. 
.  his  hotel  is  one  of  the  marvels  of  modern  times  and  one  of  the  greatest  attractions  of 
the  Pacific  Coast.  Visitors  are  accommodated  both  on  the  American  and  European 
plan.  ,5.9 

Clift  House  Is  at  what  might  be  called,  in  common  phrase,  the  jumping  off  place  of 
the  United  states.  It  is  just  outside  the  Golden  Gate  and  overlooks  the  broad  Pacific 
Ocean,  The  genial  proprietor,  Mr.  J.  M.  Wilkins,  permits  free  use  of  its  generous  bal- 
conies to  all  pleasure  seekers  and  scarcely  a  day  ever  passes  but  hundreds  if  not  thous- 
ands o'  delighted  tourists  sit  there  by  the  hour  and  watch  and  listen  to  the  countless 
seals  that  ceaselessly  sport  and  sleep  and  rest  and  fight  and  howl  upon  the  three  little 
rocky  islands  which  are  about  60D  feet  from  the  shore.  California  law  protects  t  he  lives 
of  the  seals  and  as  they  are  beyond  stone's  throw,  and  the  coast  is  too  rough  for  boating 
they  are  perfectly  free  and  safe  and  there  they  have  been  howling  and  barking  and 
gunning  themselves  for  ages  past.  They  vary  in  size  from  that  of  a  cow  to  that  of  a 
dog  and  are  so  numerous  they  seem  to  almost  lie  in  piles  upon  every  place  possible  for 
the  clumsy  things  to  stick  on  the  rocks.  Just  above  the  Cliff  House  is  Sutro  Heights, 
private  grounds  but  open  to  the  public.  It  Is  one  of  the  most  attractive  spots  in 
America  on  account  of  its  beautiful  landscape,  gardens,  statuary  and  grottoes.  «M 

The  State  Capitol  Building  at  Sacramento,  California,  is  one  of  the  handsomest 
m»te  Bulldlncs  in  \merica  It  is  constructed  entirely  of  granite,  brick  and  Iron,  the 
eranite  used  being  of  a  whitish  color  forms  a  striking  contrast  to  the  beautiful  green  of 
the  foltoe  of  almost  every  semi-tropical  description.  The  grounds  surround- 
in-  this  lapitol  cover  26  acres  in  the  heart  of  tho  city,  and  are  probnb  y  the 
rat  beauttfulol  any  in  the  United  States  with  the  exception  of  our  National  Capitol 
at  Washl-Eton  The  building  measures  282  feet  in  length,  180  feet  in  width  «7  feet  to 
Sornicc and 1  240  fee to .top  of  dome,  from  which  point  a  magnificent  view  may  bo 
obtned  of  the  Valley  of  tfie  Sacramento.  Located  in  this  magnificent  structure  is  the 
niihUc  librirv  of  the  State  containing  85,000  volumes.  In  the  rotunda  stands  that 
uHitepiew  of  sculpture;  In  the  purelt  and  whitest  Italian  marble  ever  brought  to 
eric •>  representii  8  '  Quten  Isabella,  of  Spain  giving  her  jewels  that  Christoph.-r 
nh  ,,,V,n\  mi.'ht  be  sent  to  the  westward  on  his  voyage  of  discovery,  which  later 
resuiuarn  nil  finding  what  he  supposed  Eastern  Asia  but  in  reality  was  the  new 
world* 


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Santa  Barbara'  is  situated  on  the  southwest  coast  of  California  in  latitude  34%°  north. 
contains  a  population  of  about  6,C(IO  people  and  is  a  most  quii  t,  healthy,  beautiful  ana 
luxuriant  sanitarium  anrt  residence  town  on  account  of  it*  sheltered  situation  and 
equable  climate.  It  was  selected  as  a  mission  by  the  Franciscan  Monks  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  eighteenth  century.  A  cloister  of  no  mean  pretensions  still  remains,  and 
its  ten  or  a  dozen  faithful  friars,  the  only  ones  in  the  United  States,  still  occupy  and 
keep  it  in  good  repair. 

The  climate  is  very  similar  to  that  of  Naples,  Italy,  and  the  surroundings  are  quite 
similar  except  the  lofty  mouii  tains  which  protect  Santa  Barbara  from  storms  from  the 
rear  and  sides  are  not  volcanic.  *  27.1 

All  manner  of  tropical  fruits  are  cultivated  in  Santa  Barbara  with  success,  while 
wheatand  the  other  grains  are  wonderfully  prolific.  The  soil  and  results  of  farming 
are  quite  equal  to  that  on  the  coasts  of  Ireland  and  Scotland,  being  capable  of  several 
crops  a  year,  for  uo  frosts  ever  blight  the  gardener's  prospects.  Santa  Barbara  is  the 
garden  spot  of  a  land  of  flowers.  The  tourist  frankly  admits  he  never  saw  such  wealth 
of  the  beautiful  in  that  line  until  he  reached  this  most  picturesque  locality. 

There  are  several  good  hotels  for  the  accommodation  of  tourists  and  invalids,  but  as 
a  commercial  center  the  town  is  not  particularly  noted  except  as  a  shipping  point  for 
small  fruits,  oranges,  olives,  lemons,  berries  and  vegetables.  However,  for  those  seek- 
ing rest  from  busines*  and  excitement,  no  better  place  can  be  found.  :_ii__.  .  .  «-3 

Oakland,  California,  is  the  principal  residence  suburb  of  San  Francisco,  being  seven 
miles  from  it  by  ferry  across  the  beautiful  Iran  Francisco  1  ay.  This  delightful  harbor 
Is  13  miles  by  60  in  greatest  extent  and  most  celebrated  on  account  of  its  magnificent 
entrance  called  "The  Golden  Gate,"  beyond  which  is  the  broad  Pacific.  Hie  pier 
extending  far  out  into  the  water  is  the  western  terminus  of  the  great  Southern  Pacific 
B.  R,  system.  All  San  Francisco  passengers  there  leave  the  trains  ai:d  finish  ilieir  trip 
by  a  seven  mile  ride  on  one  of  the  most  magnificent  ferry  boats  in  the  world.  This  ride 
if  taken  on  a  clear  day  when  the  sun  is  setting  just  outside  the  Golden  Gate,  is  one  of  the 
mostenchanting  experiences.  Printer's  ink  cannot  picture  such  scenery,  one  must  be 
there.  Various  beautiful  islands  dot  the  water  and  ships  are  seen  from  every  country 
on  the  globe. 

Great  San  Francisco  with  its  300,000  people  rises  up  on  the  opposite  shore  and  moun- 
tains rise  in  stately  form  on  every  hand  —  balmy  breezes  as  of  southern  seas  are  floating 


___ 

1848;  California  was  ceded  to  the  U.S.  by  Mexico  in  1848;  The  Central  Pacific  Railroad 
(overland)  was  finished  in  1869  ;  California  has  yielded  over  $1,500,000,000  in  gold  and  sil- 
ver; California  contains  .57,801  square  miles  of  territory.  Area  of  San  Francisco  Bay  is 
400  square  miles.  San  Francisco  is  third  port  of  entry  in  the  U.  S.  California  is  the 
largest  producer  of  gold,  wine,  honey,  oranges,  lemons,  figs,  raisins,  almonds,  walnuts, 
olives  and  flowers  and  claims  the  finest  climate  in  the  world.  27-4 


Point  and  Moss  Beach,  past  Pebble  Beach  and  up  over  Carmel  Hills  where  sleep  the 
illustrious  Franciscan  Fathers,  Serra  and  Crespi,  and  home  again  through  the  old  town 
of  Monterey,  The  climate  is  lovely  and  has  an  excellence  not  to  be  found  elsewhere.  a-i 


The  Chinese  in  rfan  Francisco,  whose  headquarters  ure  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Du;:ont,  Kearney,  t  alilornia  ••  acramento,  Clay  and  WaMiin^ton  si  reels  oiler  the  loi.i  1st 
a  phase  of  civilization  interesting  for  its  peculiarity,  its  non-Americanism,  Its  Imhii  r- 
ality  but  withal  its  thrift,  its  smiles  in  the  midst  of  oppression,  its  p.  rfumes  in  thu 
center  of  filth  and  its  conglomerate  of  pomp,  pride,  wealth  and  poverty  side  by  side. 

Chinamen  in  California  have  entirely  monopolized  the  trade  in  vegetables  and 
opera '.u  hundreds  of  variety  stores  where  all  mani.er  of  Ch.nese,  wares,  manufactuiea 
und  curiosities  are  sold.  The  foreign  vit.it. r  should  spend  a  day  in  the  Chinese  quar- 
ters and  beaccompar.k-d  I  y  an  experienced  guide.  Jlany  of  these  almond  eyed  citi- 
zens live  two  or  three  stories  under  ground  and  as  high  as  1,010  have  been  known  to 
sleep  in  one  ol  ther-o  underground  boarding  houses  whose  only  ventilation  was  the 
entrance  to  a  supposed  cillar.  Of  the  90,000  Chiuise  in  America  Zi.V  0  re.  id  i  in  ban 
Francisco  and  oi  ti.e  few  Chinese  women  to  be  seen  scarcely  one  can  be  found  who  is 
not  the  property  of  some  corporation.  m  i 

Yosemite  Valley's  big  trees  are  among  the  chief  attractions  of  the  trip  to  that  won- 
derful resort ;  they,  however,  are  outside  of  ihe  val'ey  proper.  '1  here  are  three  pr.nci- 
pal  groves  of  these  giants  of  the  forest-,  known  as  the  Mariposa,  Merced  and  Caiaveri..< 
groves. 

As  for  size  our  picture  gives  a  very  good  idea.  These  trees  are  called  "Redwood1 
and  although  in  the  above  mentioned  groves  they  have  reached  double  the  usual 
height,  the  "Redwood"  is  the  principal  factor  in  the  lumber  markets  of  California.  It 
is  quite  similar  in  strcnylh  to  our  American  pine  and  iu  durability  to  red  cedar.  Ala 
recent  exhibition  a  redwood  log  was  known  \s  hich  had  been  carved  out  inside  and  the 
shell  carved  into  a  regular  siz^d  1J.  H.  passenger  coa<  h.  ••>  \ 

The  Chinese  have  become  the  best  of  cooks  and  almost  monopolize  that  business  In 
California.  .No  tourist  should  return  from  the  coast  without  having  eaten  a  genuine 
Chinese  lunch.  Mauy  of  the  little  shops  which  appear  from  ttie  street  to  be  butcher  or 
bake  shops  have  magnificent  restaurants  up  stairs  on  the  third  or  fourth  floors.  One 
must  pass  through  the  first  floors  uninviting  quarters  however  to  get  there.  These 
upper  nails  are  decorated  in  elaborately  carved  ebony,  and  with  much  broD'ze  and 
other  metallic  reposse  work.  The  tables,  stools  and  chairs  are  of  the  same  general  style 
and  the  lunches  furnished  are  quite  exquisite  enough  for  the  taste  of  most  any  one. 
Here  the  wealthy  Chinese  directors  of  importing  syndicates,  drink  their  high  priced 
tea  and  smoke  their  opium  to  their  heart's  content.  There  are  six  great  Chinese  com- 
panies in  San  Francisco  which  are  very  wealthy  and  who  either  own  outright  or  have 
a  large  interest  in  the  wages  of  nearly  all  the  other  Chinese  in  America.  The  Chinese 
having  no  families  and  being  able  to  live  on  almost  nothing  are  very  thrifty,  but  spend 
no  money  among  Americans,  hence  the  bitter  antagonism  against  them.  i»-< 

Suoqua-iiiiie  I'Uitiswincn  is  one  of  the  many  natural  wonders  contribntirg  to  tiu-, 
beauty  and  interest  of  that  far-off  state,  AVashingtou,  is  situaud  about  25  niiies  from 
the  Puget  Sound  and  is  a  favorite  resort  for  picknickersand  excursionists  from  Seattle 
and  T;:coma,  these  modern  cities  of  such  wonderful  growth  and  development.  It  is 
scarcely  a  decade  since  this  spot  was  wholly  unknown  to  any  one  except  the  Snoqual- 
mie  Indians  "ffho  have  for  many  generations  lived  in  that  section  of  tlie  country. 
These  Indians  are  now  semi-civilized  and  are  of  great  service  in  assisting  the  white 
man  in  changing  the  dense  primeval  forests  into  flelils  of  grain  and  hops.  The  soil  is 
mor'1  productive  to  the  acre  than  that  of  nnv  other  known  farming  IHIH|S.  31-1 

•  Cajon  (or  Cohone)  Pass  is  about  40  miles  north  of  San  Bernardino,  Cal.,  and  marks 
the  highest  elevation  of  the  crossing  of  the  Sierra  Madre  Mountains.  Although  scarcely 
100  miles  from  the  Pacific,  the  elevation  is  over  7,000  feet.  Near  by,  on  one  side,  is  the 
ever  snow-capped  "Old  Baldy,"  and  on  the  other,  Old  San  Bernardino  and  San  Jacinto 
Mountains,  each  about  1,300  feet  above  sea  level.  On  account  of  the  peculiarity  of  the 
ground,  the  projectors  of  this  railroad  were  continually  annoyed  by  land  slides,  many 
times  the  road  being  completely  destroyed  In  this  way  at  Cajon  Pass.  Sometimes,  in 
rainy  seasons,  even  now,  all  traffic  will  be  delayed  for  days  by  one  of  these  land  slides. 
The  slopes  on  either  side  are  covered  with  the  century  plant,  Spanish  daggers,  and 
cactus  of  every  variety ;  scrub  oak  also  abounds  ;  a  few  miles  east  of  this  point  there 
are  numerous  gold  and  silver  mines  of  rare  value.  ti-i 


Bridal  Veil  Falls  whos"  descent,  is!HO  feet  of  almost  unbroken  perpendicular,  is  one 
>f  the  chief  all  factions  <,f  Yosernlte  Valley.  This  valley  or  canon  is  on  t-he  west  side 
>f  tin-  sierra  N«  vada  .Vouu  talus  in  ihc  i-r.stcrn  part  near  the  center  of  the  state  of  Cali- 
fornia. The  Valley  itse  f  was  fir.-t  ei.tercd  by  white  men  in  !&,!>.  It  is  about  one  mile 
wri  .e  and  eight  or  ten  mile*  long,  RUrpa  sing  in  grandeur  all  known  natural  scenery  la 
Europe  or  Asia.  line  covered  mountains  enclose  It.  Their  sides  rise  to  the  height  of 
**)  feet,  some  parts  of  which  pre  ent  sheer  perpendicular  walls  varying  from  1,000  to 
CO  feet  in  height.  There  :;.re  numerous  other  water-falls,  varying  in  immensity  and 
beauty,  one  of  which,  broken  in  three  laps  is  2,f>'0  f  ct  In  height  Although  Yosemite 
Valley  isrX)  mile*  from  any  railroad  station  and  is  reached  only  by  a  rough  and  weari- 
some stage  ride,  nil  visitors  return  enraptured  and  delighted  with  the  wondrous  vast- 
ness  of  the  strange  beauties  which  filled  them  with  admiration  on  every  hand.  31-3 

Ribbon  Falls  is  one  of  the  numer  us  beautiful  sights  forever  reserved  for  the  free 
obser\ati*n  of  all  whocc.nie  to  Yosemite  Valley. 

The  U.  S.  Government's  free  pleasure  park  in  this  section  comprises  nearly  2.000 
square  miles  of  territory,  within  which  are  the  highest  precipices,  the  loftiest  water- 
falls, the  largest  trees,  the  deepest  gorges,  the  finest  sunrises  and  most  beautiful  raiu- 
bowsand  sunsets  to  be  seen  in  all  our  borders. 

The  usual  tour  of  Yosemite  requires  an  expense  of  860.00 and  a  week's  time  if  starting 
from  San  Francisco.  Those,  however,  who  have  time  to  spare,  should  take  a  camping 
outfit  and  remain  longer. 

About  5,000  persons  annually  visit  this  delightful  park,  nearly  all  of  whom  go  home 
and  endeavor  to  exhaust  the  dictionary  of  .-nth  usiastic  adjectives  in  theirdescrii.i'.ms 
Of  the  sights  and  pleasures  they  have  here  experienced.  31.4 


Glacier  Point,  Yosemfte,  3,200  feet  above  the  rippling  stream  below  whose  murmurs 
over  the  granite  boulders  are  too  far  off  to  be  heard,  where  to  the  right  a  yawning 
chasm  winds  silently  up  between  many  more  peaks  of  immensity  and  loses  itstlf  at 
last  some  miles  distant  on  the  bosom  of  the  clouds  on  that  grand  old  kiugc'  the 
Sierras  called  "  Cloud's  Rest,"  2,800  feet  above  Glacier  Point;  with  Kl  C'apitan's  grand 
granite  portal  off  to  the  left  on  the  opposite  side  a  hundred  feet  higher  at  the  entrance 
to  the  canon  but  separated  witii  such  an-rvwful  abyss,  with  scores  of  rainbows  from  the 
many  waterfalls  which  plunge  thousands  of  feet  over  the  edges  of  some  of  those  great 
cliffs;  with  the  deep  shadows  here  and  the  intense  reflection  of  the  sun  upon  some 
cloud  near  by,  with  eagles  screaming  their  excited  welcome,  with  the  pure  sky  above 
and  such  a  yawning  chasm  b^-low,  what  feelings  must  inspire  the  fortunate  visitor  who 
has. been  able  to  climb  so  high  I  .Yes,  what !  that  is  all  that  can  be  said,  one  must  be 
there  once  or  he  cannot  possibly  be  made  to  lealize  the  exuberation  of  such  a  sight.  33-1 


Yosemite  Valley's  mountain  walls  which  vary  In  perpendicular  height  from  2.000 
to  3^200  feet  are  impossible  to  portray  in  pictures.  The  view  here  given  snows  El  Capi- 
tan  at  a  distance  of  some  miles;  a  close  view  could  not  be  photographed.  This  is  sup- 
posed to  be  the  highest  pieoe  of  perpendicular  rock  in  the  known  world.  Many  streams 
of  water  fed  by  the  melting  snows  of  the  higher  mountains  beyond  bre.ik  over  the 
sides  of  Yosemite's  walls,  several  of  which  have  a  straight  fnll  of  tjM)  to  9.X)"feet. 
Formed  in  the  center  of  the  valley,  is  a  lovely  river  of  about  125  feet  in  width,  which 
adds  beauty  to  the  awful  sublimity  of  the  heights  on  either  side,  /his  valley  or  canon 
has  been  reserved  forever  by  the  United  States  Government  as  a  pleasure  park.  To 
reach  it  requires  a  fifty-mile  stage  ride  from  the  nearest  railroad  station.  Berenda,  Cali- 
fornia, on  the  Southern  Pacific  R.  '<•  For  this  reason  the  tourist  needs  a  week's  time 
-to  make  the  circuit  when  starting  from  San  Francisco,  175  miles  to  the  north-west.  The 
number  of  people  who  will  visit  Yosemite  when  a  roilroad  to  it  shall  have  been,  com- 
pleted, will  only  be  exceeded  by  that  of  the  visitors  to  Niagara  Falls  and  the  famous 
Alps  of  Switzerland.  33  2 


The  Yosemite  Valley  affords  Bights  that  are  at  once  sublime,  awful,  Inspiilng, 
enrapturing,  dazzling,  dangerous.  Tin-re  is  nothing  like  them  anywhere  except  In 
^  eilowstone  Park  where  some  views  are  similar,  but  none  moie  than  two-thirds  as 
high;  not  sc  extensive  and  not  so  relieved  by  numerous  waterfalls.  Those  who  visit 
Yosemite  must  content  themselves  with  scenery  and  not  expect  such  hotels  as  are 
found  at  Saratoga.  The  numuei  oi  annual  visitors  does  not  exceed  5.000  on  account  of 
the  difficulty  of  access,  but  the  long  ridi  s,  the  weary  climbs  and  the  eager  desire  to  be 
ever  going  and  always  seeing  gives  the  tourist  an  appetite  that  will  extol  to  the  highest 
the  good  <ou  liny  fare  at  Hutciiin's  hotel.  Sentinel  rock  Is  only  one  of  the  many  lofty 
peaks  of  the  - ierras  that  here  shoot  sky  warn  in  such  majestic  greatness  as  to  at  once 
impress  the  wondeiing  spectaior'seye  wiih  a  magical  attraction.  As  the  ever  varying 
shadows  wander  from  point  to  point  in  the  valley  now  leaving  a  rain  bow  over  a  water- 
fall then  enshrouding  the  lovely  spray  in  gloom,  then  dazzling  the  eye  by  the  reflec- 
tion of  the  sun  as  the  darkness  calmly  lifts  from  some  great  peak,  one  is  lost  in  won- 
der, and  praise  for  Him  who  made  it  all.  33.1 

"Our  Party"  here  is  in  front  of  the  "Great  Falls  of  the  Yosemite"  whoie  top, 
although  in  the  picture  seems  near,  is  in  reality  2,70C  feet  above  the  little  stream.  In 
the  first  l.liOO  feet  plunge  of  the  fall  the  water  clings  closely  to  the  slightly  Inclined 
perpendicular  wall,  then  000  feet  over  some  rapids,  then  another  straight  jump  of  800 
feet  into  a  wildly  dashing  pool,  then  out  of  this  500  feet  direct  drop  to  the  level  of  th« 
valley. 

Pictures  speak  more  than  words  in  regard  to  such  places  but  neither  are  sufficient 
to  he  of  much  satisfaction  In  Yosemile  the  greatest  infidels  and  egotists  loose  all  their 
self  complacence,  and  when  they  see  the  glorious  sunrises  and  sunsets  from  such  vast 
pi n  uncles  as  are  here  to  be  climbed,  they  can  but  succumb  to  the  inevitably  convincing 
grandness  of  nature's  possibilities  and  nature's  God.  There  are  various  routes  to  ana 
through  the  Valley,  the  principal  one  being  from  San  Francisco  via  theS.  P.  R.  R.  to 
Milton  thence  by  stage,  or  S.  P.  H.  R.  to  Berenda  and  thence  by  stage.  SoO  to  SW  for 
fares  and  $10  to  {15  for  extras  are  sufficient  for  a  trip  which  will  amply  repay  the 
expenditure.  in 

The  Tehachapl  Loop  Is  one  of  the  marvels  of  modern  rail  road  engineering,  in  over- 
coming the  monster  grades  in  the  descent  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Route  after  crossing 
the  table  lands  In  the  foot  hills  of  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains  of  Southern  Cali- 
fornia. When  overland  railroads  were  first  built  they  received  a  large  subsidy  from 
the  government  and  this  subsidy  was  proportional  to  the  number  of  miles  of  track, 
and  some  people  say  that  this  accounts  for  so  many  loops  and  bends  and  curves.  While 
we  are  inclined  to  doubt  that  tnis  loop  was  a  scheme  to  increase  the  mileage,  it. 
remains  a  settled  fact  that  by  means  of  this  overlapping  of  the  tracks  and  the  eight  or 
ten  great  winding  curves  in  this  locality  the  grades  are  made  much  easier  and  the 
expense  per  mile  of  building  the  road  bed  was  thus  much  reduced. 

The  scenery  in  tnis  section  is  interesting  and  beautiful  and  tourists  should  endeavor 
to  pass  over  it  on  a  train  that  runs  in  daylight.  11-1 

The  Raymond  Hotel  near  Pasadena,  California,  is  situated  amid  the  orange  grovei 
and-vineyard  tracts  of  the  beautiful  San  Gabriel  Valley  and  only  eight  miles  from 
lios  Angeles  by  the  Santa  Fe  main  line  and  Los  Angeles  Terminal  Railroad. 

The  hotel,  which  is  a  large  and  handsome  structure  containing  every  modem  con- 
venienceand  luxury,  is  built  at  the  crest  of  a  picturesque  knoll  about  two  hundred 
feet  above  the  surrounding  valley  and  affe-'ds  a  most  magnificent  view  of  the  whole 
country  for  many  miles  around. 

The  hotel  is  reached  from  the  rail  road  st&tion  by  a  pretty  winding  driveway  and 
the  grounds  all  around  are  beautifully  laid  out  with  flowers  and  shrubs. 

In  order  to  obtain  the  view  here  shown,  it  was  necessary  to  erect  a  high  scaffold 
from  which  to  make  a  photograph.  The  Sierra  Madre  Mountains,  just  north-east  of 
"  The  Raymond  "  form  an  almost  perfect  barrier  from  the  hot  winds  trom  the  East  also 
making  a  grand  background  for  the  picturesque  scenery.  HJ 


Lick  Observatory  (so  named  by  Its  founder,  James  Lick,  of  San  Francisco,)  Is  at  the 
summit  of  Mount  Hamilton,  4,210  feet  above  sea  level,  13  miles  east  of  Ban  Jose  and  50 
miles  South  of  San  Francisco.*  It  Is  on  oneof  the  main  peaks  of  the  inner  Coast  Kange 
'arid  Is  the  best  location  that  could  have  been  chosen  for  this  great  observatory.  On 
the  eastern  horizon,  100  miles  away,  are  seen  the  Sierra  Mountains,  to  the  west  the  o.jen 
sea;  to  the  southward  the  valleys  of  San  Benito  and  Salinas  and  the  Bay  of  Monterey, 
and  to  the  north,  if  the  day  is  clear,  one  thinks  he  sees  Mount  Shasta,  which  is  400  miles 
away— a  dim  shadow  lightly  outlined  on  the  distant  sky. 

The  Obiervatory  and  grounds  cost  about  S7t  0,000  and  the  great  telescope  Is  the  largest 
that  has  yet  been  constructed  and  astronomers  declare  that  Its  performance  surpasses 
all  other  telescopes.  The  diameter  of  this  great  glass  Is  36  Inches  and  its  focal  length 
56  feet  and  it  apparently  brings  the  moon  down  to  within  about  eighty  miles  of  the 
earth.  »•» 

The  floral  scene  at  a  private  residence  in  Los  Angeles  gives  a  fair  Idea  of  the  way 
many  of  her  citizens  have  surrounded  their  homes  with  the  beautiful  flowers  and 
luxuriant  semi-tropical  plants  and  trees,  which  grow  so  abundantly  and  wlthall  so 
little  care  In  this  favored  laud  toward  the  setting  sun. 

•  Here  we  find  the  choice  calla  lllly  growing  In  large  beds  out  of  doors  and  requiring 
but  little  attention  as  compared  with  what  is  given  that  delicate  plant  In  our  Eastern 
homes.  Here  also  the  fan  leaf  oalm,  so  called  because  its  leaves  resemble  the  fans  we 
sometimes  use,  which  are  made  from  a  similar  species.  H  re  the  cypress  hedge 
appears  to  best  advantage  and  here  also  we  see  fine  specimens  of  cactus,  century  plaut, 
Spanish  daggers,  and  all  beautiful  shrubs  and  flowers  for  which  the  vicinity  of  I.o» 
Angeles  has  so  long  been  noted.  *>•« 

. 

In  California,  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  there  are  something  like  one  hundred 
species  of  cacti,  the  most  Interesting  of  which  Is  the  Giant  Cactus,  which  attains  a 
height  of  25  orSO  feet.  A  strange  fact  connected  with  these  plants  is  that  though  til  ^y 
are  usually  found  where  little  or  no  moisture  pervades  the  soil  and  where  niiufal.  Is 
very  slight,  many  varieties  retain  within  themselves  aslightly  acrid,  but  not  altogether 
impalatablc  liquid  that  is  a  fair  substitute  for  water. 

The  thorns  of  the  Giant  Cactus  contain  a  resinous  substance  that  Is  highly  Inflam- 
nxable,  which  is  used  by  the  Apache  Indians  for  sigual  light*, 

These  products  of  the  arid  regions  of  the  far  west  have  by  the  ingenuity  of  man 
been  put  to  many  good  uses.  Machines  have  been  invented  for  separating  the  fibre 
which  is  woven  into  various  kinds  of  cloth  and  others  which  griiid  them  up  into  a 
pulp  which  is  finally  made  into  paper.  "  The  London  (Kng.)  '1  elugraph  "  is  said  to  use 
this  kind  of  material  exclusively  in  the  Issue  of  their  paper. 

The  Banana  I'lant  does  not  reach  perfection  in  the  United  States,  those  seen  here 
being  grown  principally  for  their  novelty.  37-1 

California  Horned  Toads  like  the  plants  they  thrive  among  are  Indigenous  to  that 
•eml-tropical  climate  wherever  it  is  found,  either  in  I  allfoi  uia,  Texasor  Mexico.  These 
toads  often  survive  many  months  with  absolutely  nothing  to  eat  or  drink.  They  are 
about  the  same  size  as  ordinary  toads  but  when  captured  easily  become  playful,  and 
are  often  sly  as  a  fox  and  subtle  as  an  opossum. 

Figs  have  never  been  very  successfully  propagated  in  California;  however,  the 
treesnre  beautiful  for  their  leaven  and  Interesting  lor  their  reminder  of  the  style  of  our 
first  parent's  Sunday  clothes  :  the  fiber  Is  quite  tough  and  somewhat  thicker  than  ordi- 
nary leaves,  while  their  size  is  quite  in  favor  of  their  being  utilized  for  cloth. 

t  Calla  llllles,  roses  and  geraniums,  in  fact  hundreds  of  house  flowers  thi  ive  In  won- 
derful luxuriance  in  open  air  all  seasons  in  California.  It  is  a  common  thing  to  see 
high  hedges  blooming  white  with  Calla  liliies,  and  ros.  s  climbing  all  over  a  two  story 
house,  while  geranlumsgrow  wild  In  richest  beauty.  The  profuse  church  decorations 
9n  Easter  nndays  are  largely  made  up  of  Calla  liliies  that  have  been  pjcked  the  day 
before  around  the  building. 


The  Century  Plant  or  Maguey,  as  11  Is  called  in  Mexico,  is  most  interesting.  It  was 
supposed  to  blossom  but  once  in  a  hundred  years,  but  in  California  It  matures  in  twelve 
and  in  Mexico  where  His  highly  cultivated  it  matures  in  seven  years. 

From  the  roots  and  leaves  are  distilled  the  "  tlzwln  "  of  the  Apaches,  the  "  tequila  " 
and  "  mescal  1  "  of  the  Mexicans.  In  the  manufacture  of  "pulque"  in  Mexico  the 
Maguey  is  most  used  :  thousands  of  acres  being  devoted  to  its  cultivation.  When  the 
plant  shows  signs  of  blossoming,  its  heart  is  scooped  out,  leaving  a  hollow  Into  which 
flows  the  sap  which  otherwise  woul  I  nourish  the  blossom.  This  sap  amounts  to  about 
u  gallon  a  day  and  is  withdrawn  every  morning  and  after  being  subject  to  a  short  pro- 
cess of  fermentation  is  ready  for  market.  This  is  a  mild  beverage,  very  popular  and 
said  to  be  healthful. 

We  Americans  do  not  take  kindly  at  first  to  this  beverage,  but  as  in  eating  olives,  a 
likii.g  may  be  »asily  acquired.  Tequila  is  a  drink  which  is  the  most  fiery  and  diabol- 
ical compound  ever  invented,  it  is  like  Scotch  whiskey  ten  times  heated  with  the  addi- 
tion of  all  the  other  hoi  things  known  to  the  ingenuity  of  man.  37 1 

The  orange  tree  seen  In  its  highest  state  of  cultivation  is  one  of  the  most  gratifying 
eights  the  traveller  may  gaze  upou  In  ninny  a  day.  In  California  during  March  or 
April,  the  trees  never  more  than  20  to  25  feet  high  are  completely  loaded  down  with  the 
luscious  golden  f  rui  t  ripen  ing  in  th"  sun  and  at  t  he  same  time  appear  thousa  nds  of  most 
fragrautand  lilly  while  blossoms  which  are  the  startingot  the  crop  for  the  next  season. 

Everywhere  throughout  Southern  California,  on  the  sunny  slopes  and  in  the  fertile 
valleys  are  grown  the  fine  grapes  which  when  dried  make  the  laisins  of  commerce  ; 
thousands  of  acres  are  here  devoted  to  the  culture  »  f  these  and  other  varieties,  which 
are  either  shipped  to  eastern  markets  or  made  into  wine.  Californiaus  never  use  stakes 
in  their  vineyards. 

The  Spanish  Dagger  grows  in  a  dry  sandy  soil  along  the  coast  ranges  of  California, 
Its  leaves  are  like  fcharp  thin  bayonets,  two  or  three  feet  long,  which  spread  out  in  a 
bristling  war-like  shape.  The  stalk,  three  or  four  inches  In  diameter,  is  usually 
twelve  to  fifteen  feet  high,  and  commencing  about  s  x  feet  from  the  ground 
are  great  numbers  of  fine  branches,  upon  w.iich  are  sometimes  ;  s  many  a*  tv:o  thous- 
and flowers  all  extending  in  a  pyramid  shape  to  the  top.  Tnese  flowers  are  be>l  slmpt  d 
and  bear  a  close  resemblance  In  many  respects  to  the  exquisite  tube  rose.  37  » 

The  site  of  Hotel  Del  Coronado  occupies  twenty  acres  upon  a  peninsula  which  Is 
almost  surrounded  by  the  waters  of  the  Bay  of  Ban  Diego  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  is 
connected  with  San  Diego  by  ferry  and  also  by  a  railway  running  around  the  foot  of 

The  hotel  stands  on  a  bluff  some  thirty  feet  high  overlooking  the  ocean  whose 
waves  wash  the  foot  of  the  terrace,  the  scene  presented  being  picturesque  and  grand. 

The  immensity  of  ihis  hotel  may  be  in  a  measure  comprehended  from  the  state- 
ment that  the  building  c.iveis  7%  acres— 84,1  (K1  square  yards  01  carpeting  being  required. 
'Ihere  are  7iO  rooms  affording  accommodations  for  2  out)  guests.  2,850  electric  lights 
fhed  their  radiance  abroad  and  #>,<)00  square  fuel  of  veranda  affords  the  visitor  all  the 
promenade  he  may  ~ish.  To  build  this,  the  largest  sea-slue  resort  In  the  world, 
61,000,000  was  required.  Fourteen  thousand  barrels  of  cement  were  used  In  constructing 
tlie  foundation  and  basement,  •»•' 


Three  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago  the  Bay  of  San  Diego  was  discovered  by  Juan 
leriguez  Cabrilio,  a  Spanish  navigator,  and  by  him  named  San  Miguel.  ID  1602  the 
ne  was  changed  to  San  Diego. 

The  "old  town"  of  San  Diego,  now  the  First  Ward,  was  founded  in  1789  by  the 
•iclscan  Fathers  and  it  is  said  to  be  the  oldest  settlement  In  I  alifornia. 
an  Diego  to-day  is  a  beautiful  city  of  about  20.000  population,  with  finely  paved 
ts,  electric  and  cable  cars  and  magnificent  business  blocks  and  private  residences, 
he  climate  of  San  Diego  i-  not  subject  to  the  rapid  changes  found  els*where,  the 


Pasadena,  "the  crown  of  the  Valley,"  as  its  name  which  Is  of  Indian  origin  implies. 
IP  in  the  most  picturesque  and  fruitful  part  of  the  Ban  Uabriel  Valley  and  about  eight 
miles  east  from  Los  Angeles.  It  is  a  paradise  of  fruit  and  flowers,  though  a  town  of 
recent  growth.  The  Valley  here  is  a  succession  of  hills,  some  of  which  are  a  thousand 
feet  above  sea  level,  or  seven  hundred  feet  above  Los  Angeles,  Their  alopes  are  cov- 
ered with  gardnns,  vineyards,  and  orange  groves.  The  climate  is  almost  perfect,  for  the 
elevation  gives  greater  freedom  from  fogs  and  less  radical  changes  of  temperature  than 
lower  sections.  The  San  Berdarino  Mountains,  whose  pe'iks  vary  in  height  from  five 
to  ten  thousand  feet,  many  of  them  covered  with  snow,  are  seen  (o  the  north  and 
form  an  effective  barrier  to  the  cold  winds.  In  1K87-8  Pasadena  was  the  scene  of  one  of 
the  greatest  Innd  booms  ever  known,  dm  Ing  which  an  immense  amount  of  Eastern 
capital  was  there  invested  in  buildings  and  beautify  lug  of  grounds,  etc.  39-1 

Arrowhead  Mountain,  six  miles  from  Ban  Bernardino  by  stage  is  one  of  the 
Sau^ Bernardino  rauge  of  mountains.  The  mountain  takes  its  name  from 
the  singular  way  in  which  the  underbrush  grows  ou  a  certain  spot,  giving 
it  the  appearance  of  a  large  arrow  head  pointing  toward  the  earth,  in  the  foot  hills 
beneath  the  arrow  head  are  found  springs  of  healing  waters,  which  have  become 
fatuous  for  their  many  cures. 

i  lie  mud  bulbs  here  are  efflcatious  and  must  be  agreeable  to  take.  We  once  met  a 
gentleman  who  had  spent  some  time  at  these  balhs,  being  much  oenefitted  thereby, 
and  he  remarked  that  lie  had  a  good  deal  more  respect  for  a  hog  now,  since  he  knew 
I  how  pleasant  it  WHS  to  wallow  in  Hie  mud. 

Tradition  has  it  thai  the  Indians  were  guided  here  by  the  Great  Spirit  who  told 
them  about  the  arrow  ;md  ihatit  pointed  towards  Ihese  healing  springs.  The  Arrow- 
head is  I.  ;_0  feet  in  height  and  its  greatest  width  is  'Sn  feet,  and  it  is  plainly  visible  at  a 
distance  of  twenty-live  miles.  S5-* 

San  Bernardino,  the  county  seat  of  Fan  Bernardino  county,  is  beautifully  situated 
In  one  of  the  most  fertile  spots  in  the  magnificent  San  Bernardino  Val.ey.  it  is  sixty- 
one  miles  from  Los  A  ugeles  ou  tlie  main  line  of  the  Santa  Fe  system,  and  four  miles 
fro. n  (Joltou  ou  the  Southern  Pacific  main  line. 

The  surroundings  of  ~iui  Bernardino  form  one  of  Its  chief  attractions  as  a  home. 
Situated  ou  «ii  elevation  in  the  valley,  the  view  in  every  direction  is  one  of  exceptional 
beauty  and  extent.  To  the  north  and  east  the  mountain  wall  of  ihe.^an  Bernardino 
rauge  forms  a  barrier  from  6,0:0  to  7,00)  feet  in  height,  rearing  its  lofty  peaks  far  up 
among  the  clouds.  With  its  snowy  peaks  11,^00  feet  above  the  sen,  stands  grand  old 
;  t.  San  Ker^ardiuo  like  a  sentinal  guarding  the  pass,  the  open  gateway  to  the  beauti- 
ful vail.  y. 

A  little  further  to  tln>  east,  old  Gray  Back  raises  its  barren  ridge  to  the  still  greater 
height  of  ll.iiUO  nwt,  its  perpetual  crown  of  mow  gleaming  in  the  mid-summer  sun. 

To  the  south  and  c-ast  tli  •  lofty  San  Jac'ulo  range  lifts  its  ragg.  d  head,  while  to  the 
south  and  west  the  blue  Ttmescal  Mountains  stretch  away  in  UK  distance.  4  i 

Thus  encircled,  except  toward  the  ocean  on  the  west,  the  beautiful  valley  with  its 
broad  fruitful  fields,  its  long  lows  and  shady  groves-  of  trees ;  :  ts  orange  groves  of  glossy 
green  ;  its  homes  of  industry  and  comfort;  its  hundreds  of  gushing  fountains,  allspread 
out  in  an  unbroken  view,  is  a  magnificent  panorama,  at  once  sublime,  picturesque  and 
beautiful. 

Uneot  the  most  important  features  and  chief  attractions  of  this  favore  I  city  is  its 
abundant  supp  y  o  pure,  cold,  and  sparkling  water ;  by  sinking  artesian  wells  fr  m 
thirty  to  three  liund  ed  fe  t  any  win  re  in  the  city  an  unlimited  and  never  failing  water 
«upp  y  is  obtained,  many  of  the  the  wells  flowing  with  a  force  sufficient  to  carry  water 
to  the  upper  stories. 

.  i  lii-re  are  many  beautiful  places  or  special  attraction  around  the  city.  The  old 
town  of  San  Hermmlino  "euiviug  its  name  from  the  old  Mission  (St.  Bernard)  located 
there,  now  b  t  amass  of  crumbling**  ruins,  is  distant  about  five  miles.  The  ancient  town 
of  Agna  Mansa  is  about  Ihe  same  distance.  Tne  arrow  head  springs  aio~  located  six 
miles  north  on  a  bvin-li  of  foot  hilis2,(H)o  f"cl  above  the  sea  level.  .At  the  springs  Is  a 
flue  hoiel.  provided  with  every  modern  luxury.  The  springs  arc  reachC'J  liv  stage  from 

• 


Magnolia  Avenue,  Riverside,  the  finest  drive  in  southern  California  is  one  hundred 
and  thirty-two  feet  wide,  and  nine  miles  long  running  in  a  direction  a  little  south  of 
west.  At  every  half  mile  are  cross  streets. 

There  is  not  any  where  H  sign  of  a  fence,  but  green,  carefully  trimmed  hedges,  and 
rows  of  trees  which  embrace  the  eucalyptus,  fan  palm,  Orevlllco.  Uobusta .and  Monterey 
Cypress  have  been  pi  nted  along  each  side  of  the  avenue  with  perfect  regularity,  so 
that  no  break  occurs,  while  down  the  center,  pepper  trees  with  their  graceful  foliage, 
devide  the  avenue  into  two  distinct  drive-ways  All  these  trees  have  attained  a  splen- 
did growth,  owing  to  the  care  bestowed  upon  them  and  the  result  is  grand  beyond  des- 
cription. 

For  miles  a  perfect  system  of  irrigation  has  been  made  use  of,  which  in  connection 
with  a  rich  soil,  perfect  climate  and  the  desire  of  the  inhabitants  to  make  their  homes 
and  surroundings  lovely  beyond  compare,  has  produced  a  scene  which  is  nowhere 
surpassed  If  even  It  be  conceded  an  equal.  41-1 

The  resident  of  Pasadena,  looks  out  from  semi-tropical  groves  and  gardens  upon 
the  snowy  summits  of  the  numerous  peaks  of  the  San  Bernardino  range  of  mountains 
while  at  his  feet  there  are  beautiful  green  lawns,  the  many  varieties  of  flowers  breath- 
ing their  fragrance  on  the  balmy  air,  the  orange  trees  laden  witii  Ihe  golden  fruit 
ripening  In  the  sun,  and  covered  at  the  same  time  with  the  sweetest  of  blossoms,  here 
and  there  a  flg,  a  lemon  or  an  almond  tree  in  full  leaf  and  may  be  along  a  little  further 
a  peach  or  an  apple  tree,  the  latter,  however,  not  having  any  foliage  as  yet,  it  still  being 
the  winter  season.  Then  there  are  the  fan  palms,  spreading  beauteous  foliage  in 
the  sun,  the  Spanish  dagger  in  full  Moom  with  its  single  blossom  shooting  up  Into  the 
air  far  above  his  hi  ad,  possibly  aiso  a  banana  plant  with  Its  bunch  of  fruit  hanging 
almost  within  reach,  and  last,  but  not  least,  the  Calla  lilly,  that  beautiful  flower,  nur- 
tured so  tenderly  in  our  eastern  homes,  here  flourishing  with  little  attention  in  tins 
glorious  garden  spot  of  the  earth.  *  -* 

The  Cow-boy  of  the  western  plains  is  a  character  in  his  way,  when  mounted  on  his 
mustang  or  pony  vhich  is  small  and  hardy  and'bred  to  his  work. 

The  work  of  a  cow-bay,  as  his  name  implies,  is  t€>  look  after  not  a  few  rows,  but  hun- 
dreds of  call  le  that  roam  almost  at  will,  on  'lie  vast  ranges  of  the  far  west.  His  princi- 
pal work  consists  in  twice  a  year  attending  t  lie  "  round  up  "  as  it  is  called  when  all  the 
cow-boys  for  many  miles  around  form  a  large  circl-  and  drive  all  the  cattle  found  there 
in  to  a  central  point  where  the  branding  of  the  young  tabes  place,  and  those  animals 
found  suitable  for  market  arn  disposed  of.  At  these  round  ups  hundreds  of  cow-boys 
ore  sometimes  assembled  and  they  beingof  a  boisterous  nature  usually  make  things 
lively  when  they  are  offduty. 

Bel nt;  so  much  alone  on  the  plains  and  exposed  to  dangers  of  all  kinds  the  cow-boy 
naturally  goes  well  armed,  and  it  is  not  an  unusual  thing  to  see  them  with  a  brace  of 
revolvers  and  acouple  of  bowie  knives  in  their  belts,  and  a  rifle  strapped  to  the  saddle  ; 
on  tnc  pommel  hangs  a  lariat  or  lasso  used  to  rope  or  catch  cattle 

A  sombreio  or  wide  brimmed  while  hat  made  of  felt,  a  .loose  dark  colored  flannel 
shirt,  leather  leggins  over  his  trou-ers,  high  boots,  and  a  gaudy  colored  necktie  in  addi- 
tion to  his  armament,  constitute  his  dress  when  he  gets  a  chance  to  come  into  the 
nearest  town*  43-1 

Mexican  rag  and  wax  works  representing  typical  scene*  In  Mexican  life  are  displayed 
for  sale  every  where  throughout  Mexico  and  along  the  borders;  either  in  stores  devoted 
almost  exclusively  to  th  display  of  such  things,  or  in  a  small  way  by  the  poon-r  ?lass 
(peons)  on  the  street  corners  in  tho  cities. 

These  figures  are  accurate,  well  mado  and  life  like,  and  are  much  Bought  after  by 
visitors  in  the  vieinity  of  our  sister  republic. 

In  addition  to  these  rag  and  wax  figures,  these  curious  people  make  highly  artistic 
feather  work  which  Is  made  very  durable  by  pasting  it  o  i  heavy  card  board. 

Gra»s  pictures  are  another  nove  ty,  also  baskets,  zerapes.  [hand-woven  blankets) 
Onyx  cut  for  use  in  all  conceiveable  shapes,  lacquer  and  inlaid  wood  work,  tortoise 
shell,  pottery  and  il  !iizrej  wovk  in  gold  and  silver. 

The  same  people  i  th"  peons)  also  make  quite  a  traffic  in  opal*  which  nicy  (Inn  in 
the  rough.  Imbedded  in  the  lava  formation  of  their  mountains;  they  polish  them  by 
hand  and  sell  mostly  to  tourists.  «•- 


Thelntt-rior  »f  n  Mexican  home  her*  represented,  isono  bMondng  to  a  peoi  ih.it 
Is  thrifty  and  well  to  do.  Many  peons  arc  shiftless  and  hr/.v  and  as  a  consequence 
have  nbsoluteiv  nothing  In  the  shape  of  furniture  in  their  homes. 

In  this  picture  it  will  be  noticed  that  some  are  shod,  some  barefooted  and  others 
Wear  only  sandals. 

Here  we  see  the  family,  the  dog  and  the  cat,  also  th»  habitOH1  cigarette  without, 
whirh  the  Mexican  Is  seldom  seen  be  be  rich  or  poor.  Jn  homes  like  tin-sea.!  the  fancy 


A  bullfi"ht  is  to  the  Mex'can  or  the  Spaniard,  what  base  ball  is  to  the  American  or 
cricket  to  lue  Eugiish;  it  is  the  national  game  or  spoit  raiher  foi  Hc.in  h;i,ui.\  be  called 

1  'Vv^Ye'u'a  bull  fi"ht  takes  place,  nearly  everybody  in  town  and  the  country  round 
about  tiaiheisat  ti.e  scene,  all  dressed  in  their,  u  in  ay  dot  lies  and  out  for  a  good  time. 
A  bull  ngiitis  not  a  tight  between  two  of  i  h- animals,  theie  bxiiigoii.y  oue  bull  let 
into  tlie  arena  at  a  time,  and  four  or  live  gaily  dresse.l  men  excite th    animal  by  liaum- 


w  nil  II    I  lie    .tl  CA  leilll    IB  l*dU*F!U   ^trell     ue   uc   I  11  II    »/l    M*"'l  .Jill""  ,*,  lulv^l.>"«^  .««*".«-  -. -- —       -    u  1*1  I  I  ,  I  *  fill 

articles  are  made  such  as  the  potterv,  the  va\  and  rag  figures,  representing  typic  I  ing  red  blauUets  or  (lags  in  Us  face,  and  worry  it  by  an  occasioiial  spear  thrust  unfll 

scenes  ot  Mexican  life,  the  tortoise  shell  work,  and  the  grass  pictures,  the  mai^'-ig  of  is  near.y  exhausted  Irom  fatigue  and  loss  of  blood,  when  the  hero  of  the  dny  am  eil 

which  contribute  to  the  support  of  the  family.  f       «»  with  a  sharp  pointedswoid  steps  inamid  the  cheers  of  theexc  ted  crowd  and  cau;mi,sly 


The  Mexican  water  carriers  hero  depleted,  (live  one  an  idea  of  the  primitive  way  in 
which  things  are  done  in  this  veritable  Egypt  of  the  new  world. 

Wat*r  Is  carried  on  the  back.  In  cans  or  sacks  nuide  of  hoi  skin,  which  are  wa  ei 
tight,  the  bur  .en  bearer  being  obliged  to  walk  or  ruu  in  a  stooping  posture,  otherwl.-e 
the  load  would  cause  him  to  fall  backward 

Manv  oilier  carriers  use  jars  made  of  pottery,  to  which  bands  are  securely  fastened 
that  extend  up  and  across  the  forehead;  a  smaller  jar  in  trout,  with  a  band  over  the 
back  of  the  head  about  balances  things  and  allows  the  carrier  to  walk  exact. 

Wl»en  these  people  are  anle  to  buy  a  burro,  tor  donkey!  they  load  |him  upon  both 
•Ida*  with  about  as  much  as  he  can  carry.    An  unexplained  philosophical  pnenomeuoi 
is  that  water  left  in   these  jars  soon  becom  s  cool  and  palatable,  notwithstanding  i 
heat  which  at  times  pervades  the  atmosphere;  thus  has  an  ail  wise  Providence  m  His 
mercy  bewowed  blessingson  His  children.  '*  * 


The  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  Company  in  building  west,  from  ElPaso  Texas  sur- 
veved  their  Hue  across  the  KioGrande  (river)  touching  the  we»t  bank  ot  the  river  Ju 
InJldetheVrritorvof  New  Mexico,  so  near  the  bounuary  line  of  Uld  Mexico  that  the 
traveller  can  look  into  the  old  Republic  by  simp.y  glancing  out  of  the  car  window,    t 

Tbe  west  bank  of  the  Kio  Grande  is  here  much  higher  than  the  other,  anil  in  order 
to  reach  this  greater  elevation  the  bridge  is  bui  1 t  quite  high  and  above  the  water,  and 
Is  approached  from  the  east  by  a  long  wooden  trestle  built  very  sol  d  and  well  braced. 

Tne  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Ke  Kailroad  Company  in  building  into  El  Paso, 
follows  the  Kio  Grande  along  its  east  bank,  and  at  the  point  seen  in  our  illustra- 
tion, passes  beneath  the  high  treatleoftheSoutneru  Pacific  Company  thus  completing 
the  most  picturesque  scene.  45-1 


The  Church  of  Guadaloupe.  or  as  it  is  more  familiarly  known,  the  Old  Cathedral  at 
Chuiad  Juarez,  is  oue  of  the  oldest  landmarks  of  the  eariy  invasions  of  the  Franciscan 
Fathers  who  followed  Cortez  into  Mexico  four  centuries  ago.  The  walls  are  about  four 
feet  thick  aud  built  of  adobe  or  dried  clay  brick.  The  elegantly  carved  doors  and  the 
Dell  were  brought  from  S|.aiii.  There  are  no  chairs  or  seats  in  the  church  ;  the  devout 
worshipers  kneel  on  the  stone  floor  during  services.  The  cUeerful  chirp  and  song  of 
many  birds  add  life  and  interest  to  the  seene.  It  seems  that  they  were  allowed  to  build 
their  nests  among  the  elaborately  carved  rafters  which  support  the  roof.  General  de- 
cay seems  to  mark  every  feature  of  the  chuich.  Ciudad  Juarez,  Mexico,  and  El  Paso, 
Texas,  are  towns  In  close  conjunction,  with  only  the  Rio  Grande  flowing  between  them. 

The  former  city  is  a  thoroughly  Mexican  town.  They  are  surrounded  by  high 
hills  and  mountains.  In  El  Paso  there  is  a  queer  mixture  of  low  adobe  houses  with 
Mexican  postales,  the  border  frame  houses  and  the  flne  brick  and  stone  residences  of 
more  metropolitan  proportions.  45 1 


advancing  toward  the  n  iw  wary  animal  endeavers  to  g  t  him  to  nml-e  a  dash  i.t 
him  wh  u  withaquick  thrust  which  must  be  made  directly  over  the  h  irns  of  tin* 
infuriated  bull  as  he  rushes  toward  him,  Me  bull  lighter  strikes  the  fatal  SIKH,  and  tin! 
bull  falls  first  on  his  knees  and  then  on  his  head  stone  dead,  amid  the  eileers  of  the 
assembled  crowd  who  in  their  excitement  throw  toeir  hats  into  the  ring.  In  a  li  « 
minutes  a  couple  of  cow  boys  on  horseback  hook  on  to  the  dead  bull  and  on  the 
gallop  drag  his  carcass  out  of  the  ring.  Aineric.au  visitors  all  like  to  see  a  bull  tight,  but 
seldom  care  to  go  a  second  time.  «»•« 


A.  street  scene  in  Ciudad  Juarez  is  quite  interestiii"  to  tlie  traveller  who  is  looking 
'or  the  odd  thiugs  in  his  pathway.  The  buildings  on  eitl.i  r  s  uc  uiv  close  to  the  sirei  t 
le.iving  but  a  narrow  putuway  between  the  roadway  ami  t.ie  buildings,  which  are  but 
a  single  story  in  height  and  are  built  of  adobe  or  suu-dried  bricii,  something  similar  to 
that  which,  the  children  of  Israel  were  compelled  to  nia^e  for  t'.iaraoh  of  J'.gypt.  The 
walls  of  these  bui  la  lugs  are  from  two  to  lour  IVeltliici--,  surmounted  by  a  heavy  cement 
or  adobe  roof,  which  makes  an  almost  impregnable  barrier  to  the  heat  of  the  sua; 
once  inside  we  are  cool  and  comfortable.' 

The  spouts  seen  sticking  out  from  the  building  are  on  a  level  with  the  roof  and  are 
for  the  purpose  of  carrying  oft' the  rain,  which  during  the  wet  season  is  sometimes  very 
heavy.  '1  he  buildings  are  mostly  put  up  around  a  court  yard  in  which  the  children 
may  play  instead  of  going  out  into  the  street.  In  this  court  yard  are  oflen  seen  most 
beautiful  flowers  aud  shrubs.  The  stores  aud  dwellings  are  for  the  most  part  under 
the  same  roof. 

One  of  the  most  curious  sights  is  the  way  these  people  load  up  a  burro,  or  small 
donkey,  with  wood.  They  make  up  two  bundles  each  about  as  large  as  the  burro 
Itself,  and  then  strap  one  bundle  on  each  side  of  tne  patient  animal  who  is  so  com- 
pletely covered  up  that  he  resembles  nothing  so  much  as  a  walking  wood  pile.  <M 


The  Rio  Grande  flnds  its  source  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  from  El 
Paso  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  forms  the  boundary  line  between  the  United  States  and 
Mexico. 

Near  El  Paso  and  at  many  other  points  it  is  a  very  ordinary  stream,  but  at  a 
point  2A5  miles  west  of  Kan  Antonio  it  pursues  a  gentle  course  at  the  bottom  of  a  very 
picturesque  canon,  whose  sheer  walls  of  rock  rise  from  400  to  600  feet  above  the  placid 
water.  The  Southern  Pacific  It.  R.  follows  the  edge  of  the  river  quite  closely  for  some 
miles  and  in  many  places  it  is  literally  cut  into  the  sides  of  the  rock.  Painted  Cave 
50x800  ft  in  dimensions  at  its  mouth  extends  savagely  into  the  north  wall  in  plain 
sight  as  we  round  one  of  the  numerous  curves  of  the  road.  The  peculiar  hiero- 
glypicsonthe  inner  walls  tell  variously  imaginary  tales  of  weal  or  woe  of  the  border 
brigands  who  have  been  there  In  ages  past.  There  must  the  famous  Apache  have 
tortured  his  victims  and  sunn  his  war  songs;  there  must  the  Mexican  brigand  have 
retired  after  a  piraticxl  tour  through  Texas  ranches;  there  possibly  the  early  Aztecs 
kept  rich  stores  of  precious  treasures;  there  surely  have  the  wolves  and  wild  cats  of  the 
desert  lifted  up  tiieir  nightly  serenades  to  be  echoed  and  re-echoed  from  the  frowning 
walls  across  the  river.  «  1 


^ 


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